Ayache presents a view of markets and mathematics that attempts to conform to the philosophies of Alain Badiou and Quentin Meillassoux. However, this attempt is unsuccessful because Ayache adopts a view of probability rooted in nineteenth-century conceptions that cannot accommodate the radical uncertainty of the markets. This is unfortunate as it is reasonable to believe that the ideas of Badio...

Understanding the connections between magnetism and electricity and exploiting that understanding for technological innovation dominated science in the nineteenth century, and yet no one saw it coming. In the index to Butterfield’s classic history of the scientific revolution [3], which he locates roughly from 1300 to 1800, the word “electricity” does not appear. Nobody in 1800 could have imagi...

2 The heavens declare the glory of God, And the firmament showeth his handiwork. 3 Day unto day uttereth speech, And night unto night showeth knowledge. 4 There is no speech nor language, Their voice is unheard. 5 Their line is gone out through all the earth, And their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, 6 Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamb...

n -Ma nni tols, la beled eit her wi t h carbo n-14 at Cl , C2, or C3, o r wi t h tri t ium a t tached to Cl , C2, or C3, were prepared . After oxidatio n by Acetobacter suboxydans, t he dist ribu tion of r adioactivity in each of t he r esul t ing labeled n-fructoses wa deter mined . La beled nmanni tol is uni que a mong t he hexito ls in t ha t i t may be ox idi zed by A . suboxydans in eit he...

The English music theorist and philosophical writer Edmund Gurney was the first ‘fulltime’ psychical researcher in history. While he was primarily concerned with empirical evidence for telepathy, Gurney significantly contributed to the late nineteenth-century literature on hallucinations in the sane, and the psychology of hypnotism and dissociation. He conducted the first large-scale survey of ...

In 1867 William Farr published his report into the cholera epidemic which, in 1866, had killed over five thousand people living in the Whitechapel area of East London. It was the last of the four epidemics which ravaged the capital in the mid-nineteenth century [1]. Farr, after an early career writing for The Lancet under its founding editor Thomas Wakley, had been appointed ‘compiler of abstra...

Although components of possible Parkinson's disease can be found in very early documents, the first clear medical description was written in 1817 by James Parkinson. In the mid-1800s, Jean-Martin Charcot was particularly influential in refining and expanding this early description and in disseminating information internationally about Parkinson's disease. He separated Parkinson's disease from m...

James Marion Sims [5] developed a surgical cure for ruptures of the wall separating the bladder from the vagina [6] during labor, ruptures called vesico-vaginal fistulas, and he developed techniques and tools used to improve reproductive examinations and health care for women in the US during the nineteenth century. Sims's lateral examination position allowed doctors to better see the vaginal c...

Historians have long maintained that pneumonia killed William Henry Harrison (1773-1841) just 1 month after he became the ninth president of the United States. For more than a century and a half, it has been alleged that the aged Harrison caught a fatal chill the day he was sworn into office while delivering an overly long inaugural address in wet, freezing weather without a hat, overcoat, and ...

Since the emergence of human capital theory in the late 1950s and the subsequent development of the economics of education, there has been some interest and debate about the historical roots of the economic analysis of education. There is a consensus that, until the mid-twentieth century, most economists paid little attention to the economic analysis of education. In this paper will be analyzed...