In hypotheses testing, such as other statistical problems, we may confront imprecise concepts. One case is a situation in which both hypotheses and observations are imprecise. In this paper, we redefine some concepts about fuzzy hypotheses testing, and then we give the Neyman-Pearson lemma for fuzzy hypotheses testing with fuzzy observations. Finally, we give some applied examples. Mathematics ...

The study aims to investigate the relationship between the financial incentives of board members and disclosure of corporate risk, emphasizing the levels of corporate performance and risk in Iran. The research sample includes 98 listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2011-2015 (490 years-firms); the firms have selected by using a systematic removal method. Regarding the aim, the present...

This article empirically tests the displacement effect of Peacock and Wiseman (PW) ratchet Bird, both which are alternatives to Wagner’s law on growth public expenditure. The explains why (horizontal) trend line moves upward in discrete steps over time, whereas affirms that expenditure “ratchets” during drops economy remains at a higher level after stabilizes. following innovations introduced p...

Abstract Objective Tests of theories mate choice often rely on data gathered in White, industrialised samples and this is especially the case for studies facial attraction. Our understanding preferences sexual dimorphism currently flux a number hypotheses require testing more diverse participant samples. The current study uses opportunistically preference from 271 participants rural Nicaragua, ...