decriminalization limits and narrows the sphere of criminal law through two methods: to eliminate the criminal description of special behavior (a) and to remain or not remain it in the public jurisdiction of other formal control mechanisms (b). if it is left in the public jurisdiction, it requires non-criminal sanctions. therefore, decriminalization is a process that at least, has got two outlo...

user financial incentives (ufis) have emerged as a powerful tool for health promotion. strong evidence suggests that large enough incentives paid to individuals, conditional on behaviour they can control, encourages more of the desired behaviour. however, such interventions can have unintended consequences for non-targeted behaviours. implementation difficulties that result in individuals not u...

principle of justice and equity is a term, although it is seen in recent jurisprudents' writings, which have not been explained clearly at all. therefore, some of the jurisprudents do not accept this term as a principle; some others accept it as a principle and consider its implementation in case of being a special reason; and other group of jurisprudents accept it as a principle but limit...

introduction: higher education administrators face with problems such as financial pressures, rapidly changing environment, competition with other higher education institutions to achieve higher academic rank and research, attracting students and more prone to grant more autonomy to faculty members .to overcome mentioned problems ,they can use methods such as; innovation in curriculum, support ...

Abstract The conventional view of corruption emphasizes its detrimental impact on the evaluations public institutions. This implies that in corruption-intense environments, should exert strong pressure relevant authorities to combat corruption. Yet, multiple historical accounts suggest such contexts, tends thrive even despite extensive state-imposed anti-corruption measures. In this letter, we ...