the mass production of silk and its importance as goods exportable and strategic caused its monopoly by the shah-abbas i (996-1038 a.h.) and then the recruitment of the armenians merchants in his monopoly. therefore, the question is what function had the three related factors (silk, monopoly politics and armenians) in safavids economy and politics. for a careful investigation, after a review of...

W political leaders in the European Union, Canada, Australia, Japan, and the U.S. Congress move toward cap-and-trade systems as their preferred approach for achieving meaningful reductions in emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, there is a lively debate among economists, many of whom have been critical of the cap-and-trade approach in the climate context and have endorsed carbon taxes i...

In this paper, a new Electronic Activity Interchange EAI approach is proposed to support inter-business cooperation. This idea is based on using tele-activities, being pre-programmed piece of software that may be moved to certain locations and executed there. In contrast to traditional approaches, e.g., Electronic Data Interchange EDI, we consider both program and data flow rather than the info...

High Level Synthesis tools have reduced accelerator design time. However, a complex scaling problem that remains is the data transfer bottleneck. Accelerators require huge amounts of data and are often limited by interconnect resources. Local buffers can reduce communication by exploiting data reuse, but the data access order has a substantial impact on the amount of reuse that can be utilized....

one of the unique characteristic of agricultural agreement is to order the countries to accept the commitments in three different areas such as domestic support, market access and export subsidy. although the main goal of this type of classification is the reduction of distortion interventions of trade, but indicates that the agricultural agreement has special attention to political tools again...

This paper investigates the relationship between international trade and the quality of economic institutions. We model institutions as fixed costs of entry, in a framework that has two key features. First, preferences over entry costs differ across firms and depend on firm size. Larger firms prefer to set higher costs of entry, in order to reduce competition. Second, these costs are endogenous...

This paper presents a political economy model of public standards in an open economy model. We use the model to derive the political optimum and to analyze different factors that have an influence on this political equilibrium. The paper discusses how the level of development influences the political equilibrium. We also analyze the relation between trade and the political equilibrium and compa...

We provide evidence that increased political influence, arising from CIA interventions during the Cold War, was used to create a larger foreign market for American products. Following CIA interventions, imports from the US increased dramatically, while total exports to the US were unaffected. The surge in imports was concentrated in industries in which the US had a comparative disadvantage, not...