analogy and how to treat it is among the earliest issues in the jurisprudence and principles of legal schools. meanwhile, although in shī‘ism the universal approach in this respect has since long ago been a negative one and it still continues to be so, the important issue that has to be taken into further consideration and more deeply contemplated on despite the theological viewpoints of the ju...

in the last decade, with the entry of spirituality in the organizational and management research, spirituality leadership, also, has attracted a considerable amount of attention. the new realm of spiritual leadership, similar to both areas of spirituality and leadership, suffers from a lack of consensus and from variety in definition and impression. proposed models of spiritual leadership have ...

We highlight some major difficulties encountered by current approaches that try to model trust computing in a realistic networked communications system. We characterize these approaches as top-down since they assume that trust is universal and readily quantifiable. Our main concern with these approaches is that their quest to define a universal trust often ends up with a loose, context-dependen...

Although the benefits and risks associated with moderate drinking have gained increasing attention in recent years from both researchers and the general public, no universal definition of moderate drinking exists. Most currently used definitions are based on a certain number of drinks consumed in a specific time period. Defining a “drink,” however, also is difficult because alcoholic beverages ...

Although the benefits and risks associated with moderate drinking have gained increasing attention in recent years from both researchers and the general public, no universal definition of moderate drinking exists. Most currently used definitions are based on a certain number of drinks consumed in a specific time period. Defining a "drink," however, also is difficult because alcoholic beverages ...

This paper is an effort to discuss the concept of glocalization from a semiotic point of view. In order to carry out a semiotic analysis of globalization or glocalization, first globalization needs to be defined from a semiotic perspective. Therefore, first an explanation of globalization and glocalization in semiotic terms is provided. Some believe the ongoing process in the world cannot be be...

e concept of adjoint functors was first defined by Daniel Kan in  [K-], and since then, it has proven to be quite useful. e history leading up to Kan’s breakthrough is concisely described in [ML-, p. ]. e motivation for the study of adjoint functors in this paper arose out of the importance of universal constructions su as products, coproducts, free objects, etc. whi pervade...

In a recent article (1), Trifonov has developed an approach, conceptually inspired by principal component analysis (PCA), for arriving at a consensus definition of “life” as “self-reproduction with variations”. In appreciation of the sound analytical effort applied rigorously on a comprehensive body of literature, I will refer to both the approach and the definition as “Trifonovian”. The Trifon...

Finding the universal artificial intelligent agent is the old dream of AI scientists. Solomonoff Induction was one big step towards this, giving a universal solution to the general problem of sequence prediction by defining a universal prior distribution. Hutter defined the AIXI model, which extends the latter to the reinforcement learning framework, where almost all if not all AI problems can ...