After nearly a century of height suppression, willows (Salix spp.) in the northern range of Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., are increasing in height growth as a possible consequence of wolf (Canis lupus) restoration, climate change, or other factors. Regardless of the drivers, the recent release of this rare but important habitat type could have significant implications for associated songbi...

Quantifying woody plant biomass has often proven difficult in the field for reasons that include irregular plant morphology, between-observer variability, and lack of standardized techniques. One potential solution to these challenges is the use of groundbased photographic technology. Our objective was to develop a photo-based technique that could be used to monitor changes in willow (Salix spp...

Reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park in 1995-1996 has been argued to promote a trophic cascade by altering elk (Cervus elaphus) density, habitat-selection patterns, and behavior that, in turn, could lead to changes within the plant communities used by elk. We sampled two species of willow (Salix boothii and S. geyeriana) on the northern winter range to determine w...

Seasonal water limitation exerts a strong ecological filter on stream communities in semiarid regions. For firstyear riparian willow and poplar tree seedlings, desiccation from rapidly declining river flows can limit reproduction, especially on rivers in which flow regulation and land conversion have limited the amount of area available for recruitment. We investigated survivorship of first-yea...

The production of murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) has not yet been reported in Iran. The present work describes for the first time the generation of several murine hybridoma clones secreting MAbs directed against human leukocyte surface antigens. The secreted antibodies by hybridoma clones have been screened on different lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Results indicated that of seven h...