IN this fiftieth anniversary of the death of Carl Theodore, duke in Bavaria and accomplished eye-surgeon, it is perhaps fitting to recall this gentle and distinguished colleague, who, in the days when social lustre was so artlessly admired, added such panache to the world of ophthalmologists. Carl Theodore was born in 1839, the second son of Duke Maximilian and of the Duchess Ludovica, who was ...

the best way to describe the discovery of cholera toxin by Dr Sambhu Nath De in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata). In a pioneering series of research spanning less than a decade starting from 1952 and culminating in the Nature paper of 19591, De worked relentlessly in search of the elusive toxin that caused the epidemic responsible for the killer disease cholera. De’s discovery of cholera toxin w...

Agenesis of the spleen has for many years been held to be extremely rare, and of interest only to the morbid anatomist. Since it was shown (Gasser and Willi, 1952; Willi and Gasser, 1955) that diagnosis in vivo is possible, interest in the lesion, and in the cardiac anomalies usually found with it, has increased. This paper records the incidence of splenic agenesis, and of the closely allied co...

The sphincter of Oddi (SO) is a smooth muscle valve regulating the flow of biliary and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum, initially described in 1887 by the Italian anatomist, Ruggero Oddi. SO dysfunction (SOD) is a broad term referring to numerous biliary, pancreatic, and hepatic disorders resulting from spasms, strictures, and relaxation of this valve at inappropriate times. This review...

The giants of medicine and anatomy have each left their mark on the history of the cranial nerves, and much of the history of anatomic study can be viewed through the lens of how the cranial nerves were identified and named. A comprehensive literature review on the classification of the cranial names was performed. The identification of the cranial nerves began with Galen in the 2nd century AD ...

Between 1822 and the late 1830s a highly personal priority dispute was fought between the celebrated surgeon and anatomist Sir Charles Bell and his ex-student Herbert Mayo. The dispute was over the motor and sensory functions of the Vth and VIIth cranial nerves. Over the course of the 1820s and the 1830s, the competing claims of Bell and Mayo were presented in newspapers, journals, and textbook...

Jacob Henle was a great German anatomist and one of the most important histologists of all times. One of the most commonly used eponymous terms in renal histology is the loop of Henle, but many other anatomical and pathological findings are associated with his name. During his stay in Zurich he fell in love with Elise Egolff who worked as a maid and seamstress in the house of one of his friends...

Variations in course of the arteries are well documented. Knowledge of the variation of the arterial system is important during vascular and reconstructive surgeries, in the evaluation of angiographic images. During routine anatomical dissection of upper limb ,of adult male cadaver of 55 years in Department of anatomy, SNMC, Agra, we came across a variant origin of the ulnar artery, instead of ...

Anatomical Atlases are an integral part of basic health sciences education. Recently, there has been an increased importance of sectional anatomy atlases due to the advancements of tomographic and to the difficulties to relate topographic anatomy to the tridimensional anatomy. Computer-based atlases have been increasingly useful for this purpose. Delivery via the Internet and World Wide Web has...