To reduce the chances of policy failures, policy makers need information about the effects of policies. Sometimes, policy makers can rely on agents who already possess the information. Often, the information does not exist yet. This raises two questions. First, how much resources should be devoted to the production of information? Second should information be produced by a profitmaximizing firm...

This paper develops a unique exposition about the relationship between facts and principles in political constructivism. It claims that facts form part of the ground for affirming principles insofar as reasons relating facts to the public sphere help generate criteria for assessing principles. One key element of political constructivism is that it focuses on specific political subjects. By offe...

miracles recounted in sufi’s books during different historical periods have been traced by narrative, rhetoricaland semantic developments due to various reasons; so that in early periods they have had simple interpretations and fairly believable contents. but with the passage of time and in line with political and social changes, the simplicity of these miracles has changed to exaggeration. thi...

Fear that the Internet promotes harmful political rumoring is merited but not for reasons originally anticipated. Although the network accelerates and widens rumor circulation, on the whole, it does not increase recipient credulity. E-mail, however, which fosters informal political communication within existing social networks, poses a unique threat to factual political knowledge. A national te...

This paper analyses the dynamics of inequality, democratization and economic development in a political economy model of growth where education is both the engine of growth and a determinant of political participation. In a context with imperfect capital markets, we investigate the incentives for an educated oligarchy to subsidize the poor’s education and to initiate a democratic transition. We...

A distinction in reasons and motives for choosing a particular political leader establishes the key difference between older and young democracy. The former is based on electoral history, while the latter is based on feelings and personal attitude. Besides, a comparatively abundant number of political figures (persons or parties and associations) is specific for young democracies. The problem o...

In various parts of the world, the continent of Africa is struggling with the phenomenon of terrorism and extremism more than other regions. This continent, for various reasons, including the various weaknesses of software and hardware, including economic backwardness, political instabilities, social inequalities, and foreign interventions that find their interests only in insecurity and instab...