The relative reinforcing value of toys was assessed in the absence of, and immediately following, participant observation of a peer manipulating one of the toys. Preference assessments were used to identify preference hierarchies. Reinforcer assessments were conducted with a high-preference item, a low-preference item, and a control. Each participant allocated responding toward the high-prefere...

This chapter has three sections. The first provides an examination of the general notion that the brain distinguishes among amodal linguistic components. The second section attempts to support a more specific claim: Namely, that from a linguistic perspective, agrammatism can, best be reconstructed in syntactic terms. And the third section focuses upon processing disruptions in agrammatism-that ...

OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the relationship of antecedent hypertension to neurohormones, ventricular remodeling and clinical heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND Heart failure is a probable contributor to the increased mortality observed after MI in those with antecedent hypertension. Hence, neurohormonal activation, adverse ventricular remodeling and a higher i...

Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE) has been studied in great depth in theoretical linguistics, but empirical studies of VPE are rare. We extend the few previous corpus studies with an annotated corpus of VPE in all 25 sections of the Wall Street Journal corpus (WSJ) distributed with the Penn Treebank. We annotated the raw files using a stand-off annotation scheme that codes the auxiliary verb triggerin...

The authors report 6 self-paced word-by-word reading studies of how morphosyntactic agreement, focus status, and the structural constraints of binding theory apply and interact during the online interpretation of pronouns (e.g., him, her) and anaphors (e.g., himself, each other). Previous studies held that structural conditions on coreference work as interpretive filters that impose exceptionle...

Linguists draw a distinction between two types of interrogatives: discourse linked (d-linked) phrases such as which man, which implies the existence of a set of contextually determined entities (men) from which the speaker is asking for a choice, and non-d-linked interrogatives such as who, which carry no such implication. Two questionnaires and an on-line reading study showed that readers pref...

OBJECTIVE To investigate a large series of placental site trophoblastic tumours (PSTT) and epithelioid trophoblastic tumours (ETT) and determine the relationship between their development and the type and sex of both the immediately antecedent and causative pregnancies. METHODS The antecedent pregnancy was determined from patient records in 92 cases with a confirmed diagnosis of PSTT, ETT or ...

Understanding how exogenous and endogenous factors and above-ground-below-ground linkages modulate carbon dynamics is difficult because of the influences of antecedent conditions. For example, there are variable lags between above-ground assimilation and below-ground efflux, and the duration of antecedent periods are often arbitrarily assigned. Nonetheless, developing models linking above- and ...

The aim of this paper is to treat background (non-focus) elements as anaphoric, i.e. as objects which are formally subject to the same conditions which hold for other anaphora. The idea that backgrounds are anaphoric is inherent in many approaches to information structure, but they are rarely treated as such formally. I will discuss two problems which seem to challenge a strict anaphoricity app...