Athletes at all levels explore ergogenic aids. Testosterone and growth hormone are still abused and difficult to detect. Single doses of albuterol or salmeterol do not seem ergogenic, but questions remain about prolonged dosing and about other beta2 agonists. Caffeine can be ergogenic for prolonged or brief exertion. Creatine supplementation is legal and in vogue among strength and power athlet...

A myriad problems in the foot and ankle are specific to child and adolescent athletes. The anatomy of young athletes with respect to the presence of a growth plate makes their injury patterns different from those seen in adults. The main general injury patterns seen in the feet and ankles of children are related to growth and development or occur from overuse syndromes or acute trauma. In this ...

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the symmetry of the isometric strength of the shoulder and scapulothoracic muscles in volleyball and futsal athletes. Methods: In this case-control study, the strength of the scapulothoracic muscles and rotation of the shoulders in 20 adult volleyball athletes and 20 futsal adult athletes, who were randomly selected from sports clubs around Tehran, were me...

in order to investigate the effect of concentration, time and consumption instruction of seaweed on some morphological characteristics of root and shoots of safflower, the present experiment in factorial form in a completely randomized design with three replications in research greenhouse of agriculture faculty, ferdowsi university of mashhad was conducted in 2014-15. factors examined included ...

abstract childhood and adolescence are critical periods for the skeleton. mechanical load has then been shown to be one of the best stimuli to enhance not only bone mass, but also structural skeletal adaptations, as both contributing to bone strength. exercise prescription also includes a window of opportunity to improve bone strength in the late pre- and early peri-pubertal period. there is so...

CONTEXT Instruction can be used to alter the biomechanical movement patterns associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of instruction through combination (self and expert) feedback or self-feedback on lower extremity kinematics during the box-drop-jump task, running-stop-jump task, and sidestep-cutting maneuver over time in college-aged fema...

this study was inspired by vanpatten and uludag’s (2011) study on the transferability of training via processing instruction to output tasks and mori’s (2002) work on the development of talk-in-interaction during a group task. an interview was devised as the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest to compare four intervention types for teaching the simple past passive: traditional intervention ...