نتایج جستجو برای: by introducing two counterexamples

تعداد نتایج: 8032901  

2013
Alma L. Juarez Dominguez

Model checking is a powerful technique for debugging a system description because it generates a counterexample showing a path of the system that fails a property. Instead of the traditional cycle of find bug – fix bug – re-run model checker, often we would like to study multiple bugs before fixing the model to help isolate the cause of the error and to improve the user’s experience by avoiding...

Journal: :Linear Algebra and its Applications 2002

پایان نامه :وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری - دانشگاه تبریز 1382

‏‎despite the different criticisms on contrastive analysis it has been proved that the results of it(when processed) can be useful in a tefl environment, specially at the level of phonology.this study is an attempt to compare and contrast the sound systems of kurdish and english for pedagogical aims.the consonants,vowels,stress and intonation of the two languages are described by the same model...

پایان نامه :وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری - دانشگاه تربیت مدرس - دانشکده علوم انسانی 1390

supervisors play an undeniable role in training teachers, before starting their professional experience by preparing them, at the initial years of their teaching by checking their work within the proper framework, and later on during their teaching by assessing their progress. but surprisingly, exploring their attributes, professional demands, and qualifications has remained a neglected theme i...

2004
Sanjay Jain Efim B. Kinber

A computational model for learning languages in the limit from full positive data and a bounded number of queries to the teacher (oracle) is introduced and explored. Equivalence, superset, and subset queries are considered (for the latter one we consider also a variant when the learner tests every conjecture, but the number of negative answers is uniformly bounded). If the answer is negative, t...

2014
Christopher Hitchcock C. Hitchcock

According to probabilistic theories of causation, causes raise the probabilities of their effects. Opponents of probabilistic theories of causation offer putative counterexamples. A moment's reflection should lead us to expect such counterexamples to be of two types: (1) causes that appear not to raise the probabilities of their effects; and (2) events that appear to raise the probabilities of ...

this thesis attempts to investigate the effects of prelistening activities on enhancing iranian efl learners` listening comprehension. the present study investigated ways in which learners` background knowledge could be activated in order to enhance their l2 listening comprehension by limiting the number of possible text interpretations prior to listening. the experiments conducted in this study examined the effect of prior knowledge and vocabulary teaching on iranian efl learners listening comprehension. the current study has two purposes: one is to investigate the effect of background knowledge on the second language listening comprehension of iranian intermediates and the other is to determine whether second language is facilitated by the introduction of unknown vocabularies in the form of prelistening activities. to conduct the study different instruments such as listening proficiency test and four listening tests such as pre and posttests were used and various statistical processes and techniques including paired-sample t-test, and analysis of variance (anova) were used. the findings of this study supported all three hypotheses tested. differences were found between the means of preteaching vocabulary variable, the background knowledge activation variable, and mean difference between these two strategies variable. subjects scored higher when the unknown words were taught in advance. likewise, subjects scored higher when they were asked some relevant questions about the topic than on those without them. there was, in addition, a significant difference between the means of preteaching vocabulary strategy and background knowledge activation strategy. in fact, preteaching vocabulary had a better effect in enhancing the students’ listening comprehension, in comparison to background knowledge activation strategy.

پایان نامه :دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی - دانشکده زبانهای خارجی 1390

this thesis attempts to investigate the effects of prelistening activities on enhancing iranian efl learners` listening comprehension. the present study investigated ways in which learners` background knowledge could be activated in order to enhance their l2 listening comprehension by limiting the number of possible text interpretations prior to listening. the experiments conducted in this stud...

Journal: :Journal of Systems and Software 2018
Wenhua Yang Chang Xu Minxue Pan Chun Cao Xiaoxing Ma Jian Lu

Self-adaptive applications’ executions can be affected by uncertainty factors like unreliable sensing and flawed adaptation and therefore often error-prone. Existing methods can verify the applications suffering uncertainty and report counterexamples. However, such verification results can deviate from reality when the uncertainty specification used in verification is itself imprecise. This thu...

2014
Erika Ábrahám Bernd Becker Christian Dehnert Nils Jansen Joost-Pieter Katoen Ralf Wimmer

This paper is an introductory survey of available methods for the computation and representation of probabilistic counterexamples for discrete-time Markov chains and probabilistic automata. In contrast to traditional model checking, probabilistic counterexamples are sets of finite paths with a critical probability mass. Such counterexamples are not obtained as a by-product of model checking, bu...

Journal: :Proceedings of the ACM on programming languages 2022

Program equivalence checking is the task of confirming that two programs have same behavior on corresponding inputs. We develop a calculus based symbolic execution and coinduction to check in non-strict functional language. Additionally, we show our can be used derive counterexamples for pairs inequivalent programs, including arise from non-termination. describe fully automated approach finding...

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