we model a real-world case problem as a price competition model between two leader-follower supply chains that each of them consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. t he manufacturer produces partially differentiated products and sells to market through his retailer. the retailer sells the products of manufacturer to market by adding some values to the product and gains margin as a fracti...

Species identification of animal tissues in meat products is an important issue to protect the consumer from illegal and/or undesirable adulteration, for economic, religious and health reasons. For example, pork DNA was found in halal chicken sausages served in a primary school in Westminster, central London, the local authority had stated on 14 March 2015. PCR is one of the most widely used te...

for the analysis of structures, the first step consists of configuration processing followed by data generation. this step is the most time consuming part of the analysis for large-scale structures. in this paper new graph products called triangular and circular graph products are developed for the formation of the space structures. the graph products are extensively used in graph theory and co...