Vertebrate embryos display a predominant head-to-tail body axis whose formation is associated with the progressive development of post-cranial structures from a pool of caudal undifferentiated cells. This involves the maintenance of active FGF signaling in this caudal region as a consequence of the restricted production of the secreted factor FGF8. FGF8 is transcribed specifically in the caudal...

While the cortical interneurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate rather diffusely into the cortex, interneurons that migrate out from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) mainly move caudally into the caudal cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in the form of the caudal migratory stream (CMS) (Yozu et al., 2005). Although transplantation experiments at embryonic day 13.5...

Recently, we examined the neuronal substrate of predictive pursuit during memory-based smooth pursuit and found that supplementary eye fields (SEFs) contain signals coding assessment and memory of visual motion direction, decision not-to-pursue ("no-go"), and preparation for pursuit. To determine whether these signals were unique to the SEF, we examined the discharge of 185 task-related neurons...

Noncoding RNAs have recently emerged as important regulators of mRNA translation and turnover [1, 2]. Nevertheless, we largely ignore how their function integrates with protein-mediated translational regulation. We focus on Bicoid, a key patterning molecule in Drosophila, which inhibits the translation of caudal in the anterior part of the embryo [3, 4]. Previous work showed that Bicoid recruit...

The authors present a case in which paraplegia developed following administration of caudal epidural steroid injection (ESI) and discuss the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The authors strongly recommend that 0.5% bupivacaine should be used with caution for caudal epidural injection.

Translation of the transcription factor caudal is repressed at the anterior end of the Drosophila embryo. Surprisingly, the DNA-binding homeodomain of the transcription factor Bicoid mediates this repression by binding caudal mRNA.

Whether pulse oximeter perfusion index (PI) may be applied to detect the onset of caudal block in pediatric patients under ketamine intravenous basal anesthesia is investigated. 40 ASA I, 2-8-year-old boys scheduled for elective circumcision surgery were randomized into two groups. Group I: 20 patients were anesthetized by 2 mg·kg(-1) ketamine intravenous injection (IV) followed by caudal block...

Objective: Surgical stress stimulates the release of catecholamine and cortisol. Both of which have anti-insulin action resulting in an increase of plasma glucose concentration. The most common regional block in pediatric age group is caudal epidural analgesia. The aim of this study was to compare the stress response following pre and post surgical caudal block. Methodology: After approval by o...