Scoring constructed-response items can be highly difficult, time-consuming, and costly in practice. Improvements computer technology have enabled automated scoring of items. However, the application without an investigation test equating lead to serious problems. The goal this study was score mixed-format tests automatically with different test/training data rates investigate indirect effect th...

With a few exceptions, the problem of linking item response model parameters from different item calibrations has been conceptualized as an instance of the problem of test equating scores on different test forms. This paper argues, however, that the use of item response models does not require any test score equating. Instead, it involves the necessity of parameter linking due to a fundamental ...

Thresholds were measured for detecting 4 cpd gratings added to maskers consisting of nine sinusoidal components spanning 1 octave around the signal frequency. Phases of all mask components were randomized on every presentation. To assess their importance, contrast differences were either rendered unreliable by introducing contrast jitter between-intervals, or eliminated by equating contrast ene...