Contingency management (CM), the systematic reinforcement of desired behaviors and the withholding of reinforcement or punishment of undesired behaviors, is an effective strategy in the treatment of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders. Animal research provides the conceptual basis for using CM in AOD abuse treatment, and human studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CM interventio...

in this paper, a combinational optimization algorithm is introduced to obtain the best size and location of static compensator (statcom) in power systems. its main contribution is considering contingency analysis where lines outages may lead to infeasible solutions especially at peak loads and it commonly can be vanished by load-shedding. the objective of the proposed algorithm is firstly to pr...

OBJECTIVE Despite consistent evidence for the positive impact of contingency planning for falls in older people, implementation of plans often fail. This is likely due to lack of recognition and knowledge about perspectives of older people about contingency planning. The objective of this research was to explore the perspectives of older people living in the community about use of contingency p...

The emerging service-dominant logic requires cooperation between several partners in a value-added network or value chain. Information asymmetry and information gaps may lead to uncovered and unused knowledge. This paper addresses how this problem can be solved by suggesting an approach based on contingency theory. The core idea consists of supporting and improving value-added partnerships by e...

We consider the problem of minimizing costs in the generation unit commitment problem, a cornerstone in electric power system operations, while enforcing an N-k-ε reliability criterion. This reliability criterion is a generalization of the wellknown N-k criterion, and dictates that at least (1−ε j) fraction of the total system demand must be met following the failures of k or fewer system compo...

We introduce a new formal logic, called equality propositional logic. It has two basic connectives, $boldsymbol{wedge}$ (conjunction) and $equiv$ (equivalence). Moreover, the $Rightarrow$ (implication) connective can be derived as $ARightarrow B:=(Aboldsymbol{wedge}B)equiv A$. We formulate the equality propositional logic and demonstrate that the resulting logic has reasonable properties such a...