In a longitudinal study, the authors housed wild-caught juvenile male cowbirds (Molothrus ater artemisiae) with female cowbirds or canaries (Serinus canaria) from August until May. The males were then exposed to 3 social contexts. Males housed with canaries directed more vocalizations to canaries than to female cowbirds. Males housed with female cowbirds vocalized most to other males. The data ...

This research examines the notion that guilt, the negative emotion stemming from a failure to meet a self-held standard of behavior, leads to preferences for products enabling self-improvement, even in domains unrelated to the original source of the guilt. Examining consumer responses to real products, this research shows that such effects arise because guilt—by its focus on previous wrongdoing...

We describe a block-cipher mode of operation, CMC, that turns an n-bit block cipher intoa tweakable enciphering scheme that acts on strings of mn bits, where m ≥ 2. When theunderlying block cipher is secure in the sense of a strong pseudorandom permutation (PRP),our scheme is secure in the sense of tweakable, strong PRP. Such an object can be used toencipher the sectors of a dis...

The pedagogical beliefs (e.g., beliefs or "mindsets" concerning the malleability of intelligence) that teachers hold may have a far-reaching impact on their teaching behavior. In general, two basic mindsets can be distinguished with regard to the malleability of intelligence: fixed (entity) and growth (incremental). In this article, we present two studies investigating the associations between ...