Ultra-precision grinding using super abrasives such as diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) is ideally suited to the production of artefacts in hard or brittle materials such as ceramics or hard metals. These materials are well suited to the production of moulds. Conventional ultra-precision machining techniques such as diamond turning or micro milling are of limited use in the production of t...

The United States pulp and paper industry has experienced significant structural changes over the past twenty-five years, including reductions in the number of pulp and paper mills, lower rates of capacity growth, employment cutbacks, and a loss of market share to foreign competitors. These structural shifts portray an industry that increasingly has difficulty adapting to a more competitive env...

Reactive power plays an important role in supporting real power transmission, maintaining system voltages within proper limits and overall system reliability. In this paper, the production cost of reactive power, cost of the system transmission loss, investment cost of capacitor banks and absolute value of total voltage deviation (TVD) are included into the objective function of the power flow ...

in this research, industrial wastewater treatment plants (iwwtps) were investigated and categorized by effluent applications and electrical energy cost. for the purpose of this research, 51 plants were assessed and results indicate that 17 plants discharged the effluent directly to the surface water that most of them are located in north of iran, 24 plants used the effluent for irrigation. othe...

The estimation of absolute and relative permeabilities for petroleum reservoirs on the basis of noisy data at wells is considered. The spatially varying absolute permeability is estimated by regularisation combined with a bi-cubic spline approximation. Relative permeability is represented by a given function of saturation with unknown coefficients. Numerical results provide an indication of the...

the most costly operation in the oil exploration is the well network drilling. one of the most effectiveways to reduce the cost of drilling networks is decreasing the number of the required wells byselecting the optimum situation of the rig placement. in this paper, balas algorithm is used as a modelfor optimizing the cost function in oil well network, where the vertical and directional drillin...

Subdividable linear efficient function enclosures (Slefes) provide, at low cost, a piecewise linear pair of upper and lower bounds f, f, that sandwich a function f on a given interval: f ≥ f ≥ f. In practice, these bounds are observed to be very tight. This paper addresses the question just how close to optimal, in the max-norm, the slefe construction actually is. Specifically, we compare the w...