The influence of aerosols on the atmospheric radiative budget, as seen in the effect of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) on the optical properties of clouds, for example, is one of the key issues in understanding and predicting global climate change. To study quantitatively the effect of CCN on the optical properties of low-level layer clouds, we developed a cloud microphysical adiabatic parcel ...

[1] High vertical resolution profiles of cloud properties were obtained from cloud radars operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program on the islands of Nauru and Manus in the Tropical Western Pacific (TWP). Broadband flux calculations using a correlated k-distribution model were performed to estimate the effect of clouds on the total column and vertical distribution of short...

abstract this study addresses two dimensional infiltration from irrigated furrows. the basic approach is to develop a two-dimensional infiltration as a combination of the corresponding one-dimensional vertical and an edge effect. the edge effect is the difference between the cumulative infiltration per unit of adjusted wetting perimeter and the corresponding one-dimensional infiltration. this a...

The CALIPSO satellite launched by NASA in 2006 uses an on-board lidar instrument to measure the vertical distribution of clouds and aerosols along the orbital path. This satellite’s dense vertical sampling of the atmosphere provides previously unavailable information about the altitude and composition of clouds, including the polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) that play an important role in the ...

The theoretical predictions derived in Part I of this study for the equilibrium fluctuations of an idealized ensemble of noninteracting, pointlike cumulus clouds are tested against three-dimensional cloud resolving model (CRM) simulations of radiative–convective equilibrium. Simulations with different radiative cooling rates are used to give a range of cloud densities, while imposed vertical wi...

3 The properties of equilibrated tropical convection are studied using a cloud-resolving model 4 with large-scale dynamics parameterized by the weak temperature gradient (WTG) 5 approximation. Model integrations are carried out in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-6 dimensional (3D) geometries. The target profile towards which horizontal mean free 7 tropospheric temperature is relaxed is held...

background: the second processing cycle for adding the artificial teeth to heat-polymerized acrylic resin denture bases may result in dimensional changes of the denture bases. the aim of thisstudy was to evaluate the dimensional changes of the heat-polymerized acrylic resin denture bases with one and two-cycle processing methods. materials and methods: a metal edentulous maxillary arch was used...

Dynamic compaction is a soil improvement method which has been widely used for the increase of bearing capacity through stress wave propagation during heavy tamping. The cost and time of project implementation can be effectively curtailed by developing a model that can be used in the design of dynamic compaction operations. The numerical models offered so far are mostly one or two-dimensional, ...

In aeolian transport saltation is an important link by which momentum is transmitted from the air to the bed through grain impact, but momentum transfer, impact and subsequent entrainment take place in a very shallow layer at the air-bed interface with large velocity gradients. Consequently, experimental evidence on the impact-entrainment processes has been obtained from few and simplified stud...