The advantages of using more than one renormalization group (RG) in problems with more than one important length scale are discussed. It is shown that: i) using different RG's can lead to complementary information, i.e. what is very difficult to calculate with an RG based on one flow parameter may be much more accesible using another; ii) using more than one RG requires less physical input in o...

B cells from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients who have one mutant copy of the gene encoding the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) often display dysfunctional antibody production. Interestingly, some individuals with mutations in both TACI alleles do not present with CVID, suggesting that TACI mutations influence CVID pathogene...

The recently developed technique of two-photon fluorescence microscopy causes much less photodamage than conventional confocal microscopy, expanding the possibilities for imaging living specimens.

Molecular motor proteins are crucial for the proper distribution of organelles and vesicles in cells. Much of our current understanding of how motors function stems from studies of single motors moving cargos in vitro. More recently, however, there has been mounting evidence that the cooperation of multiple motors in moving cargos and the regulation of motor-filament affinity could be key mecha...

During the past half century, the field of artificial intelligence has developed a large number of theories, paradigms, technologies, and tools. Many AI systems are based on one dominant paradigm with a few subsidiary modules for handling exceptions or special cases. Some systems are built from components that perform different tasks, but each component is based on a single paradigm. Since peop...

Epistemic actions are physical actions people take more to simplify their internal problem-solving processes than to bring themselves closer to an external goal state. In the video game Tetris, for instance, players routinely over-rotate falling shapes, presumably to make recognition or placement decisions faster or less error-prone. Along these lines, an experimental study was performed to tes...