Penetration of the hatching egg shell by microorganisms results in embryonic mortality, weak chicks, high chick mortality, and poor chick growth. The most effective sanitation system involves treating the eggs as soon as they are collected from the nest and before microorganisms penetrate the shell. Several recent research studies have examined the effectiveness, safety and ease of use of commo...

In this paper, we present and analyze a cholera epidemiological model with control measures incorporated. This model is extended from the one proposed in [16] by including the effects of vaccination, therapeutic treatment, and water sanitation. Equilibrium analysis is conducted in the case with constant controls for both epidemic and endemic dynamics. Optimal control theory is applied to seek c...

A considerable portion of the present Brazilian $ofiulation is afflicted with schistosomiasis. This articEe describes the unfolding of a major Government campaign against the disease. Employing a wide range of health education, basic sanitation, water sup#ly, filanorbiciding, and chemotherapeutic measures, it seeks to reduce the prevalence of schistosomiasis among schoolchildren to less than 4 ...

j lelp themselves towards a better state of life ti0^esPec^ of better food, general living condithir>S ai^C^ unproved sanitation, all of which in r*15 automatically bring about a reduction 11 disease incidence. Drpne -?^ most important branches of of L?ntlve medicine is that devoted to the care birtife exPectant mother, which results in the this1 a sponger infant. But to be effective afto ^ust ...

Why do some urban governing regimes realize a more equal distribution of public goods than others? Local government interventions in São Paulo, Brazil, have produced surprisingly effective redistribution residential — housing and sanitation between 1989 2016. I use original interviews archival research for comparative-historical analysis variation across time Paulo’s governance sanitation. argu...

A large number of human diseases are related to poor access to water and sewer systems, inadequate solid waste management and deficient storm water drainage. The goal of this study was to formulate environmental sanitation indicators and classify sanitation conditions in specific sewer basins and their respective neighborhoods. The database used contains information on the following sanitation ...

BACKGROUND Water and sanitation access are known to be related to newborn, child, and maternal health. Our study attempts to quantify these relationships globally using country-level data: How much does improving access to water and sanitation influence infant, child, and maternal mortality? METHODS Data for 193 countries were abstracted from global databases (World Bank, WHO, and UNICEF). Li...

Data collected in the late 1980s from eight countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (Burundi, Ghana, Togo, and Uganda), Asia/North Africa (Sri Lanka and Morocco), and the Americas (Bolivia and Guatemala) were combined and analyzed to test whether incremental health effects regarding diarrhea and nutritional status result from incremental improvements in water and sanitation conditions. Rural (n = 11,99...

The Water and Sanitation Program is an international partnership for improving water and sanitation sector policies, practices, and capacities to serve poor people Sanitation programs have, for some time now, incorporated the need to raise awareness and emphasize the benefits of toilet usage. This has been most effectively undertaken by empowered communities motivated to take collective action,...

BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in low and middle income countries with children being disproportionately affected. Project SHINE (Sanitation & Hygiene INnovation in Education) is a grassroots participatory science education and social entrepreneurship model to engage youth and the wider community in the development of sustainable strategies to improve s...