For the optical particle inspection systems for unpatterned wafers, it is required to reduce inspection-accuracy variation in wafer and increase throughput. In this system, a laser beam irradiated spiral shape by rotating moving wafer, defect particles are detected based on intensity of their scattered light. study, we propose multi-stage optically variable attenuator system its control method ...

We demonstrate a novel directly modulated transmitter, based on six-section photonic integrated circuit. The device uses unique master-slave configuration with variable optical attenuator in between, allowing decoupling of cavities and independent control the injection power. VOA also provides ability to find an optimum level that balances trade-off between extinction ratio chirp transmitted si...

using hartree-fock su-sheriffer-heeger (hf-ssh) model, we have studied the dependence of the energies of the ground (magnetic triplet state) and the first exited (nonmagnetic singlet state) states of the size-2 trigonal zigzag graphene nanoflake (size-2 nf) on the intensity of an external in plane static electric field at zero temperature. we identify a transition from the magnetic triplet stat...

We demonstrate a variable optical attenuator (VOA) at lambda=1.55 microm using a sheared polymer network liquid crystal (SPNLC). The SPNLC exhibits a fast response time and weak wavelength dependency. Comparing with other polymer-stabilized liquid crystals, the SPNLC has lower driving voltage and negligible light scattering loss when the wavelength exceeds 700 nm. A reflection type VOA with ~0....

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), identified as an immune inhibitory receptor recently, plays widespread roles on T and B cells. Emerging evidence has generated plentiful information on the mechanisms which BTLA mediates negative regulation in immune responses and involves in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The exploration of the biological mechanisms and regulation o...

In mammography, thick or dense breast regions persistently suffer from reduced contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) because of degraded contrast from large scatter intensities and relatively high noise. Area x-ray beam equalization can improve image quality by increasing the x-ray exposure to under-penetrated regions without increasing the exposure to other breast regions. Optimal equalization paramet...

The conventional radionuclide renal examination using a 1020-mCi dose of technetium-99m t mTc) DTPA (Pentetate), conducted over a 30-60-min duration, does not accommodate the Gates method for GFR determination. Simple modifications to the Gates technique will, however, permit a GFR determination to be made without sacrificing the components of a complete conventional renal examination, and will...

Detection of photons from electromagnetic radiation can be considered as the appearance of random events on the time axis. When an attenuator is placed in front of the detector, which attenuates the intensity by a factor of α, the statistical properties of the detected photons are altered. We show that simple relations exist between the statistical functions of the photons detected from the att...

An activator-attenuator model of positive control, a s opposed to the classic repressor-operator model of negative control, is proposed for the major operon-specific mechanism governing expression of the histidine gene cluster of Salmonella typhimurium. Evidence for this mechanism is derived from experiments performed with a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system, as well as with a m...