The Shafi’i legal school has gone through various phases. first of these is the accumulation fiqh as a result changes and developments that sect experienced. This referred to “qawl” forms basis conflicts in sect. Then comes period when views Shafi’s students scholars after them emerge. constitutes one points dispute defined “wach” formed. emergence Iraqi Khorasan sects based on differences tran...

First-principles total energy calculations of the 2-nm clusters seen in high-perfection Al (72)Ni(20)Co(8) decagonal quasicrystals demonstrate that chemical ordering between Al and transition metals in the central ring is energetically highly favorable. The chemical ordering introduces extensive structure relaxation and results in broken decagonal symmetry. Such broken symmetry is sufficient to...

the supremacy of adaptation and imitation of antecedents over innovation is one of the features of arab poetry after fall of abbasid dynasty. however, literary borrowing which is deliberate and combined with tastefulness and elegance yields an appropriate effect and association on readers. technically, in rhetoric, if a poet borrows a hemistich, a verse or some verses from others' poems as...