in ordinary cases, the object of transaction in such contracts as sale (bay‘) and lease (ijāra) has financcial value like property (‘ayn) or profit, or physical action. however, whether obligation to performing an action has a financial value and can be the object of transaction is a matter of debate. in adition, in cases in which the subject of the obligation is the assignment of ownership (ta...

This research can be seen as an activity in order to contribute towards the validity arguments of assessments. One aspect of validity is that the internal structure of any assessment should be consistent with that of its content domain. However, this notion is predicated upon having some working conception of the construct or content domain. The particular domain in question is that of Critical...

This paper presents a French public programme set up in order to assist small and medium-sized industries that are willing to implement ASICs or new electronic technologies in their products. After the presentation of the general frame of this programme, the specific actions will be detailed: SMIs awareness to new technologies, and specialised training sessions in microelectronics that were def...

Programming languages greatly influence the way how programs are created and evolved. This means that the use of appropriate language for solved problem can greatly increase developer productivity. Composition of languages can provide great help in construction of a new language from existing components and for integration of several languages that may be needed to effectively solve a complex p...