Static and dynamic type systems have well-known strengths and weaknesses, and each is better suited for different programming tasks. There have been many efforts to integrate static and dynamic typing and thereby combine the benefits of both typing disciplines in the same language. The flexibility of static typing can be improved by adding a type Dynamic and a typecase form. The safety and perf...

We describe an alternative approach to handling mutable references (aka. pointers) within a gradually typed language that has different efficiency characteristics than the prior approach of Herman et al. [2010]. In particular, we hope to reduce the costs of reading and writing through references in statically typed regions of code. We would like the costs to be the same as they would in a stati...

the aim of this study was to evaluate blocked, random, gradual incremental and gradual decremental practice schedules on the acquisition and retention of different types of basketball pass (overhead, hand chest , single arm with dominate hand) in 8-10-year-old girls. for this purpose, 60 female students of second, third and fourth grade of elementary school were voluntarily selected and randoml...

Abstract Adaptive radiation is a major source of biodiversity. Still, many aspects this evolutionary process remain poorly understood. Our recent integrative examination the cichlid adaptive in African Lake Tanganyika provides new insights into explosive diversification. The in-depth phylogenetic comparative analysis nearly all species occurring that lake permitted us to trace patterns eco-morp...

Gradual pattern extraction is a field in (KDD) Knowledge Discovery Databases that maps correlations between attributes of data set as gradual dependencies. A dependency may take form "the more Attribute K , the less L". In this paper, we propose an ant colony optimization technique uses probabilistic approach to learn and extract frequent patterns. Through computational experiments on real-worl...

In this paper, vowel epenthesis in Urban Hijazi Arabic is analysed as a process of gradual structural build-up. Harmonic Serialism, derivational framework Optimality Theory, provides the theoretical foundation to illustrate arguments. Rather than epenthesising an entire all at once, featural structure progressively increases successive steps. This accumulation continues until required quality a...