We study a buyer-seller problem in which the good is information and there are no property rights. The buyer is reluctant to pay for information whose value he does not know, but the seller cannot credibly reveal this value without disclosing the information itself. Information comes as divisible hard evidence. We show how the seller can appropriate a substantial fraction of the value through g...

We systematically present four calculi for gradual typing: the blame calculus of Wadler and Findler (2009); a novel calculus that pinpoints blame precisely; the coercion calculus of Henglein (1994); and the threesome calculus of Siek and Wadler (2010). Threesomes are given a syntax that directly exposes their origin as coercions in normal form, a more transparent presentation than that found in...

Contracts, gradual typing, and hybrid typing all permit less-precisely typed and more-precisely typed code to interact. Blame calculus encompasses these, and guarantees blame safety: blame for type errors always lays with less-precisely typed code. This paper serves as a complement to the literature on blame calculus: it elaborates on motivation, comments on the reception of the work, critiques...

Session types enable fine-grained static control over communication protocols. Gradual typing is a means to safely integrate statically and dynamically typed program fragments. We propose a calculus for synchronous functional two-party session types, augment this calculus with a dynamically typed fragment as well as coercion operations between statically and dynamically typed parts, and establi...

In this paper, the gradual real numbers are considered and the notion of the gradual normed linear space is given. Also some topological properties of such spaces are studied, and it is shown that the gradual normed linear space is a locally convex space, in classical sense. So the results in locally convex spaces can be translated in gradual normed linear spaces. Finally, we give an examp...

Effect systems have the potential to help software developers, but their practical adoption has been very limited. We conjecture that this limited adoption is due in part to the difficulty of transitioning from a system where effects are implicit and unrestricted to a system with a static effect discipline, which must settle for conservative checking in order to be decidable. To address this hi...

The aim of this article is to propose and analyse measurement-based admission control schemes. We distinguish between large-scale and small-scale systems, where scale is measured in the number of concurrent applications that can run simultaneously. For large scale systems, we show that simple enduser probing strategies, based on ECN-type feedback provided by the network, achieve a good utilisat...

Recently, a theoretical fuzzy IR system, based on gradual inclusion measures, has been proposed [1]. In this model, derived from the division of fuzzy relations, the gradual inclusion of a query in a document is modeled by a fuzzy implication. In previous papers, we have shown that, under some assumptions, this model can be seen as a Vector Space Model. This paper also studies other interpretat...