Since the Supreme Court ruled in Atkins v. Virginia (2002) that intellectually disabled defendants cannot be executed, approximately 7% of death row inmates have filed habeas petitions claiming to have an intellectual disability (Blume, Johnson, & Seeds, 2009). Countless other defendants have been evaluated pre-trial to determine the appropriateness of an Atkins exclusion of the death penalty. ...

the principle of tort law is that the liability is based on the act prejudicial that in iranian law in conformity with the article 1 of tort law code and in french law in conformity with the article 1382 of civil code, this act must be guilty. the harmful act in determining responsible in tort law is necessary. if the chain of causes of action for compensation for damaging responsible is a pers...

“obligation”, “dette” and “droit personnel” are three important and correlative legal terms in civil law that have been introduce into persian legal literature with improper translation. the failure to distinguish them from common terms in islamic jurisprudence like “dein” and “eltezam” have caused conceptual confusion between special terms of two great legal systems: civil law and islamic law....