Catalysis as a scientific discipline originated in the early part of the last century. Earlier, the unique feature of a catalytic substance, namely that when added in small quantities to a reaction it affects its rate and selectivity but is not consumed, had become widely recognized, and many applications had been developed. Only after chemical thermodynamics had been defined did a rational app...

This paper addresses—to our knowledge, for the first time—the problem of querying a geosensor network—a sensor network of mobile, locationaware nodes—for historical data. It compares different network architectures and querying strategies with respect to their performance in reconstructing events or processes that happened in the past, trying to support the hypothesis that reconstruction is pos...

The extent to which different manufacturing sources and long-range transport pathways contribute to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in the world's oceans, particularly in remote locations, is widely debated. Here, the relative contribution of historic (i.e., electrochemically fluorinated) and contemporary (i.e., telomer) manufacturing sources was assessed for PFOA in various seawater samples by an es...

today, we see that despite the plans and decisions made about the historical fabric, the people are very faintly seen and conservation the historic fabric of urban is one of the main concerns management urban in the absence of efficient management and lack of attention to the needs of local people, the historical fabric urban is destroyed. in this article are examined ways other than physical m...

In a multi-armed bandit problem, at each time step, an algorithm chooses one of the possible arms and observes its rewards. The goal is to maximize the sum of rewards over all time steps (or to minimize the regret). In the conventional formulation of the problem, the algorithm has no prior knowledge about the arms. Many applications, however, provide some data about the arms even before the alg...

A historic site shows different times in a space by reflecting the social values, economic conditions, and culture of a particular period. However, current paper-based static documents, such as descriptive lists, words, and simple marked maps, for describing the historic sites are lack the capability to depict the meanings and changes of the historic sites in a spatial and temporal manner. When...