BACKGROUND Episodic volunteers are a critical resource for public health non-profit activities but are poorly understood. A systematic review was conducted to describe the empirical evidence about episodic volunteering (EV) in the public health sector and more broadly. Study location, focus and temporal trends of EV research were also examined. METHODS Twelve key bibliographic databases (1990...

Previous studies on fiscal policy at the zero bound have focused on models with perfect foresight. However, the recent economic environment motivating such research is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. This paper studies optimal government spending and monetary policy when the nominal interest rate is subject to the zero lower bound constraint in a stochastic environment. In the pr...

in 1930s, the idea of providing general welfare and welfare state appeared in industrial countries due to the belief in the ability of left forces in solving misfortunes that people entangled in; because of financial crisis in industrialized societies, expanded poverty, starvation and epidemic diseases which led millions of people to the hopelessness. welfare states achieved outstanding success...

To-date, the dominant approach to improving farm animal welfare has consisted of a combination of voluntary improvements undertaken by farmers and the tightening of legal requirements. However, history suggests that there is a limit to the improvements capable of being secured by this approach. In this paper, it is argued that economic principles can and should have an important role when new, ...

wetlands as a situ for the growth of native plants, as a habitat for certain species of fish and aquatic birds, and because of their potential economic, cultural and recreational services, are valuable heritage so their protection and conservation is very essential. mostly due to the absence of wetlands services’ valuation, lack of special regulations, and lack of guarantee for these properties...

sustainability is a concept that emphasizes substantially on investments conservation (natural, social and economic) toward intra-generation equity. when sustainable development is achieved an overlapping is created between ecological, economic and social classes. the goal of this study is to measure and evaluate watershed sustainability. in order to evaluate sustainability in zidasht basin 1, ...

A welfare framework for the analysis of the spatial dimensions of sustainability is developed. It covers agglomeration effects, interregional trade, negative environmental externalities, and various land use categories. Themodel is used to compare rankings of spatial configurations according to evaluations based on social welfare and ecological footprint indicators. Five spatial configurations ...