The debate about the effectiveness of investments in public infrastructure initiated by Aschauer suggests that there may be substantial discrepancies between the results of conventional cost-benefit analysis and the ultimate effects of such investments on welfare. This paper takes a closer look at this issue by investigating the existence of secondary or indirect effects under conditions of mon...

regulations of use of social networks, as one of the key components in these networks, serve an important role in controlling the flow of traffic. the study of the harmonization of these terms and regulations can be a significant step to avoid congestion and (users’) rejection in the network. harmonization of traffic control regulations (tcr) among social networks is one of the best solutions...

introduction: the main goal of endodontic treatment is elimination of bacteria and their by-products from infected root canals. this study compared the antibacterial effect of two different sealers, ah 26 and mta fillapex, on 4 microorganisms 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 days after mixing. methods and materials: the microorganisms used in this study consisted of lactobacillus acidophilus ( atcc 4356),...

OBJECTIVES To develop a direct method for measuring intra-abdominal pressures in the standing horse, identify a reference interval for direct intra-abdominal pressures, compare these pressures to indirect intra-abdominal pressures measured from the bladder, and determine the optimal bladder infusion volume for indirect pressure measurement. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. SETTING A ...

The accuracy and reproducibility of indirect measurement of cardiac output at rest by the carbon dioxide rebreathing (indirect Fick) method with an automated respiratory analysis system (Gould 9000IV) were compared with simultaneous measurements made in duplicate by dye dilution and thermodilution in 25 patients having cardiac catheterisation studies. Measurements of cardiac output by the carbo...

Measurement of energy expenditure in humans is required to assess metabolic needs, fuel utilisation, and the relative thermic effect of different food, drink, drug and emotional components. Indirect and direct calorimetric and non-calorimetric methods for measuring energy expenditure are reviewed, and their relative value for measurement in the laboratory and field settings is assessed. Where h...

BACKGROUND Mastitis is the most important and costly disease in dairy goat production. Subclinical mastitis is common in goats and is mainly caused by contagious bacteria. Several methods to diagnose subclinical mastitis are available. In this study indirect measurement of somatic cell count (SCC) by California Mastitis Test (CMT) and direct measurement of SCC using a portable deLaval cell coun...

This article appraises the olfactory/gustatory mechanism, provides working concepts of different kinds of oral malodor, deconstructs OM deriving from direct-oral, and indirect non-oral causes, lists common causes of both, and reviews clinical measurement, diagnosis, management and treatment.

Compartment syndrome is probably underdiagnosed particularly when the mechanism of injury is indirect. This case is unusual in that the syndrome occurred as a consequence of suction injury and illustrates the benefits of early tissue pressure measurement and surgical decompression.