UNLABELLED This study evaluates the construct validity (including sensitivity to change) of the numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain intensity (I) and unpleasantness (U) and participant pain scale preferences in children/adolescents with acute postoperative pain. Eighty-three children aged 8 to 18 years (mean = 13.8, SD = 2.4) completed 3 pain scales including NRS, Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), a...

OBJECTIVE To study the psychometric properties and preference for five different pain intensity scales (horizontal visual analog scale [VAS], vertical VAS, Box-11, Box-21, and verbal descriptor scale) across different age groups. DESIGN Chronic pain patients rated their present, average, weakest, and strongest pain on five different scales, and indicated scale preference. SETTING Outpatient...

Acquisition-to-acquisition signal intensity variations (non-standardness) are inherent in MR images. Standardization is a post processing method for correcting intersubject intensity variations through transforming all images from the given image gray scale into a standard gray scale wherein similar intensities achieve similar tissue meanings. The lack of a standard image intensity scale in MRI...

0167-8655/$ see front matter Crown Copyright 2 doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.010 * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (U. Bağcı Udupa), [email protected] (L. Bai). URL: http://www.ulasbagci.net (U. Bağcı). Acquisition-to-acquisition signal intensity variations (non-standardness) are inherent in MR images. Standardization is a post processing method for correcting inter-su...

OBJECTIVE To identify a possible correlation between teachers vocal intensity and the noise in the classroom, as well as between vocal intensity and the symptoms of vocal tract discomfort before and after classes. METHODS 27 Elementary School I teachers participated in the study. We used the questionnaires "Vocal Production Condition of the Teacher" and "Vocal Tract Discomfort Scale - VTD" wh...

A quantitative measure of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale for earthquakes in ~he western United States has been developed by correlating the peak seismoscope relative displacement response, Sd, with the reported site intensity, IMM. This correlation can be approximated by

According to the calculation of wind scale and earthquake magnitude, this paper puts forward the concept of drought magnitude and disaster intensity and lays out a new method by quantitative calculation. Drought magnitude is the quantitative index that describes the scale of a drought, and disaster intensity of drought is the quantitative index to describe the loss caused by a drought. Both ind...

Browsing of tree saplings by deer hampers forest regeneration in mixed forests across Europe and North America. It is well known that tree species are differentially affected by deer browsing, but little is known about how different facets of diversity, such as species richness, identity, and composition, affect browsing intensity at different spatial scales. Using forest inventory data from th...

-Increasing returns to scale (RTS) is frequently postulated as affecting productivity in surface coal mining. However, it is not clear whether increased capital intensity or increased output is the relevant phenomenon. A ray-homothetic production function that incorporates the capital-labor mix and fixed site geology into the scale elasticity is presented and estimated with a micro (mine level)...