bottleneck in state courts and consequence resulting form it and the advantages which the disputes settlement has outside the court for governments and especially the parties to dispute led to increasing promotion of arbitration and use of new method of dispute settlement which are described as “alternative dispute resolution” (adr) are described. meanwhile, many of this method settle the dispu...

Investor decision making has always been affected by two factors: risk and returns. Considering risk, the investor expects an acceptable return on the investment decision horizon. Accordingly, defining goals and constraints for each investor can have unique prioritization. This paper develops several approaches to multi criteria portfolio optimization. The maximization of stock returns, the pow...

The United States has committed to promote Health Information Technology through Electronic Health Records that will be exchanged among participants in the healthcare enterprise. In anticipation of problems, legal remedies have been established to protect the rights of all participants, especially their rights to protect the privacy of their own information. However, there are certain to be sit...

The Canada-U.S. dispute over softwood lumber imports provides an important case in understanding issues of international bargaining and treaty compliance. Recent events in the dispute suggest that one of the leading theoretical accounts of treaty compliance does not offer an adequate explanation of state behavior. Policy makers should recognize the importance of cross-border ownership and indus...

We present an unified methodology for representation and development of dialectical proof procedures in abstract argumentation based on the notions of legal environments and dispute derivations. A legal environment specifies the legal moves of the dispute parties while a dispute derivation describes the procedure structure. A key insight of this paper is that the opponent moves determine the so...

The counterclaim institute is one of crucial legal defense options during the dispute settlement in domestic and international jurisdictions; investment arbitration not an exception. most famous platform International centre for disputes (ICSID). One key ideas establishment such a instrument was implementation autonomous objective system Investor-states dispte sttlement (ISDS) by “independent f...

Abstract Working Group III of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law has embarked a mandate to reform investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS), through identifying set concerns that merit multilateral procedural reform. In response, EU proposed creating standing investment court. Despite importance justice theory in domestic legal systems, its value as resource international r...

CONTEXT The proportion of health maintenance organization (HMO) members enrolled in investor-owned plans has increased sharply, yet little is known about the quality of these plans compared with not-for-profit HMOs. OBJECTIVE To compare quality-of-care measures for investor-owned and not-for-profit HMOs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Analysis of the Health Plan Employer Data and Informa...