Genome-wide association studies have been firmly established in investigations of the associations between common genetic variants and complex traits or diseases. However, a large portion of complex traits and diseases cannot be explained well by common variants. Detecting rare functional variants becomes a trend and a necessity. Because rare variants have such a small minor allele frequency (e...

Electron cloud effects currently limit the performance of several proton accelerators operating with high beam current. Although ISIS, the 160 kW 70–800 MeV proton synchrotron at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK), has never appeared to be affected by the problem in its 20 years of operations, e-p instabilities could potentially be a cause of concern for future machine upgrades to higher b...

Three experiments examined the visual memory representation supporting performance at long interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in an empty cell localization task. Two arrays of dots within a 4 x 4 grid were displayed briefly in succession. One grid cell did not contain a dot in either array, and the task was to localize the empty cell. In Experiment 1, we replicated previous findings of recovery to ...

Variations in both pitch and time are important in conveying meaning through speech and music, however, research is scant on perceptual interactions between these two domains. Using an ordinal comparison procedure, we explored how different pitch levels of flanker tones influenced the perceived duration of empty interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Participants heard monotonic, isochronous tone sequ...

Neuronal inter-spike intervals (ISIs) have previously been described as Poisson, Gamma, inverse Gaussian or other unimodal distributions. We analyzed ISIs of rhythmic and arrhythmic neuronal spike trains in cerebellum recorded from freely behaving rats, and found that their distributions can be described as the summation or integration of multiple Gaussian distributions. The ISIs of rhythmic ce...

Given current extinction trends, the number of species requiring conservation breeding programs (CBPs) is likely to increase dramatically. To inform CBP policies for threatened terrestrial vertebrates, we evaluated the number and representation of threatened vertebrate species on the IUCN Red List held in the ISIS zoo network and estimated the complexity of their management as metapopulations. ...

Transient apparent-motion stimuli, consisting of single 1/4-wavelength steps applied to square-wave gratings lacking the fundamental ("missing fundamental stimulus") and to sinusoidal gratings, were used to elicit ocular following responses (OFRs) in humans. As previously reported [Sheliga, B. M., Chen, K. J., FitzGibbon, E. J., & Miles, F. A. (2005). Initial ocular following in humans: a respo...

Abstract Neuromagnetic responses were recorded to frequent "standard tones of l000 Hz and to infrequent 1100-Hz "deviant" tones with a 24-channel planar SQUID gradiometer. Stimuli were presented at constant interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from 0.75 to 12 sec. The standards evoked a prominent 100-msec response, N100m, which increased in amplitude with increasing ISI. N100m could be dissoc...

To understand how the cerebellum adaptively times the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR), a model of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) second messenger system in cerebellar Purkinje cells is constructed. In the model, slow responses, generated postsynaptically by mGluR-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis and calcium release from intracellular stores, bridge t...

Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the effects of three fatty acid esters on skin permeation. Propylene glycol diperlargonate (DPPG), isopropyl myristate (IPM) and isostearyl isostearate (ISIS) were selected as pharmaceutically relevant solvents with a range of lipophilicities and cyanophenol (CNP) was used as a model dru...