Pain during delivery is unique because it is accompanied by powerful emotions. Emotions that occur in women during labor and delivery are closely tied to upbringing and culture in which they were raised and consequently with the sensation of experienced pain. According to the Melzack-Wall Theory of Pain, general mood is directly related to the intensity and quality of pain and it is therefore j...

In this prospective randomized study of pain relief in labor, the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) performed over both the low-back and suprapubic region was evaluated and compared with a control group not receiving TNS. Both high frequency and pulse train TNS were used. The study included 24 induced labors. In the TNS group, conventional methods were added when neede...

BACKGROUND Epidural analgesia and intravenous analgesia with opioids are two techniques for the relief of labor pain. The goal of this study was to develop a cost-identification model to quantify the costs (from society's perspective) of epidural analgesia compared with intravenous analgesia for labor pain. Because there is no valid method to assign a dollar value to differing levels of analges...