BACKGROUND Many areas of pharmaceutical legislation in the European Union (EU) are harmonised in order to promote the internal market and protect public health. Ideally, harmonisation leads to less fragmented regulation and cross-border complexities. This study, however, focuses on an increasingly harmonised legislative area that is subject to increases in requirements and complexities: the dis...

BACKGROUND Both active smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure are associated with pregnancy complications. In March 2006, Scotland implemented legislation prohibiting smoking in all wholly or partially enclosed public spaces. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of this legislation on preterm delivery and small for gestational age. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted logi...

This paper examines the effectiveness of recent New Zealand legislation in addressing issues of workplace disputes, with a particular focus on the role of unions. One of the most crucial aspects of the Employment Relations Act, introduced by the new Labour government in 2000, was its provision for mediation services to employers and employees. This initiative was explicitly intended to provide ...

introduction: hospitals are responsible to respond to legitimate demands for health information release while protecting the confidentiality of patient health records. this study investigated and compared laws and policies of health information disclosure for legal authorities in iran and some selected countries. methods: this descriptive-comparative study included health information disclosure...

OBJECTIVE To consider the issue of legislation restricting self prescribing by doctors. METHOD Searches of the medical literature in Medline, Australian Medical Index and CINAHL using the terms 'medical', 'legislation' and 'physician impairment' from 1966-2003 supplemented by checking citations of review papers. RESULTS We found 144 articles, although no trials of legislation. The remaining...

OBJECTIVE To compile current legislation of indoor tanning throughout the world and compare them with existing legislation found in 2003. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING International. PARTICIPANTS All nations with legislation regarding access to indoor tanning found through web-based Internet search. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of nations with legislation and changes to laws reg...

This paper presents a formal model of legal norms modeled in OWL. It is intended for semiautomatic drafting and semantic retrieval and browsing of legislation. Most existing solutions model legal norms using formal logic, rules or ontologies. Nevertheless, they were not intended as a basis for drafting, retrieval and browsing of legislation. The proposed model formally defines legal norms using...

Background—Mandatory helmet legislation for cyclists is the subject of much debate. Opponents of helmet legislation suggest that making riders wear helmets will reduce ridership, thus having a negative overall impact on health. Mandatory bicycle helmet legislation for children was introduced in Ontario, Canada in October 1995. The objective of our study was to examine trends in children’s cycli...