We consider reinforcement learning in Markov decision processes with high dimensional state and action spaces. We parametrize policies using energy-based models (particularly restricted Boltzmann machines), and train them using policy gradient learning. Our approach builds upon Sallans and Hinton (2004), who parameterized value functions using energy-based models, trained using a non-linear var...

The California electricity crisis: causes and policy options / Christopher Weare. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Research publications reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers, or Board of Directors of the Public Policy Institute of California. Short sections of text, not to exceed three paragraphs, may be quoted without writt...

the process of price setting in market for goods &services; along with the phenomenon of price ceiling in production factors market with distort the equilibrium & result in price gap in the economy, which in turn generates excess demand & necessitate the permanent sources of finance (subsidy) for its satisfaction, failing which may lead to budget deficit & embarrass the maintenance of policy ex...

While calls for, and work toward, energy democracy have been entrenched in social movements, and the concept has a burgeoning posture in academic discourse, perhaps the most significant implication for its development is the potential for its implementation at the local governance scale. In order for municipal efforts to be wholly democratic, energy policy must be accessible and responsive to t...

An energy cooperation policy for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with wireless power transfer is proposed in this paper to balance the energy at each sensor node and increase the total energy utilization ratio of the whole WSNs. Considering the unbalanced spatio-temporal properties of the energy supply across the deployment terrain of energy harvesting WSNs and the dynamic tra...

the main goal of this study is to identify the determinants of the energy intensity in the iranian economy using annual data for the period 1974-2012. changes in energy intensity can be seen as related to three factors including price, income, and autonomous energy efficiency improvements (based on technical progress). moreover the role of energy quality in enhancement of total factor productiv...

AIM This research examined 1) the extent and nature of smokefree outdoor area (SFOA) policies in New Zealand, and 2) the process of developing, implementing and promoting compliance with a SFOA policy. METHOD An online survey was carried out with 43 of the 67 Local and District Councils, supplemented by other means. The survey assessed whether the council had a smokefree policy and if so, wha...