BACKGROUND Large comparative studies that have evaluated long-term functional outcome of operatively treated ankle fractures are lacking. This study was performed to analyse the influence of several combinations of malleolar fractures on long-term functional outcome and development of osteoarthritis. METHODS Retrospective cohort-study on operated (1995-2007) malleolar fractures. Results were ...

BACKGROUND Although enthusiasm is growing for diabetic education programs for older people, data regarding their effectiveness and their long-term impact on self-management were neglected. PURPOSE To systematically review diabetes mellitus education that has long-term effects on the self-management of older diabetic people. DATA SOURCES The authors searched multiple sources dated through Se...

In order to study the problems of long-term and short-term interactional mechanism between scale evolution of higher education and economic growth in China, authors in this article are going to put forward the method of cointegration. Through selection of enrollment and actual GDP data per capita in China from 1972 to 2007, it is discovered from the empirical result that: (1) the log sequences ...

BACKGROUND In the current discussion of surgical treatment of arthroses in the ankle joint, arthrodesis is in competition with artificial joint replacement. Up until now, no valid biomechanical findings have existed on the changes in intraarticular loads following arthrodesis. One argument against tibiotalar arthrodesis is the frequently associated, long-term degeneration of the talonavicular j...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain atrophy, cortical infarction, and subcortical ischemic vasculopathy have all been associated with cognitive dysfunction. The interrelationships between these pathologies and their independent contributions to cognitive function remain unclear. Despite the high frequency of Alzheimer disease (AD) in those with clinically diagnosed vascular dementia, and the frequent ...

background: ritalin has high tendency to be abused. it has been the main indication to control attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. the college students may seek for it to improve their memory, decrease the need for sleep (especially during exams), which at least partially, can be related to serotonergic system. therefore, it seems worthy to evaluate the effect of ritalin intake on mature ...