[1] Comparison of polar sea ice results from 11 major global climate models (GCMs) and satellite-derived observations for 1979–2004 reveals that each of the models is simulating annual cycles that are phased at least approximately correctly in both hemispheres. Each is also simulating various key aspects of the observed ice cover distributions, such as winter ice not only throughout the central...

We develop and apply a method, called weighted-covariance factor decomposition (WCD), for reducing large estimated vector autoregressive moving-average (VARMA) data models of many "important" and "unimportant" variables to smaller VARMAfactor models of "important" variables and significant factors. WCD has four particularly notable features, compared to frequently used principal components deco...

In June/July 2009 the weather in the Czech Republic was influenced by a 12 days lasting baric low located over Mediterranean, which resulted in a sequence of many flash foods. The total damage was estimated to be about 200 mil. EUR and 15 people died. Although the flash flood is considered as hardly predictable phenomena, first efforts in flash floods forecasting have been already done [1]. Som...

Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) plays a vital role in irrigation and water resource planning. The Penman–Monteith method recommended by the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO PM56) is widely used considered standard to calculate ETo. However, FAO PM56 cannot be with limited meteorological variables, so it compulsory choose an alternative model for ETo estimation, which...

Evaporation process, the main component of the water cycle in nature, is essential in agricultural studies, hydrology and meteorology, the operation of reservoirs, irrigation and drainage systems, irrigation scheduling and management of water resources. Various methods have been presented for estimating evaporation from free surface including water budget method, evaporation from pan and experi...

monthly discharge is one of the most important factors considered in designs and hydrological works. some watersheds are not equipped with needed hydrometric equipment. in such a case average monthly discharge could be estimated from regional monthly water balance models of representative watersheds. in this study, thornthwaite & mather (tm) model were used in the pishkouh watershed in arid...

Near surface air temperature (NSAT) is a primary descriptor of terrestrial environmental conditions. In recent decades, many efforts have been made to develop various methods for obtaining spatially continuous NSAT from gauge or station observations. This study compared three spatial interpolation (i.e., Kriging, Spline, and Inversion Distance Weighting (IDW)) and two regression analysis (i.e.,...