MgrA is a known regulator of the expression of several multidrug transporters in Staphylococcus aureus. We identified another regulator of multiple efflux pumps, NorG, by its ability, like that of MgrA, to bind specifically to the promoter of the gene encoding the NorA efflux pump. NorG is a member of the family of the GntR-like transcriptional regulators, and it binds specifically to the putat...

Bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps are an important mechanism of antibiotic resistance and are required for many pathogens to cause infection. They are also being harnessed to improve microbial biotechnological processes, including biofuel production. Therefore, scientists of many specialties must be able to accurately measure efflux activity. However, myriad methodologies have b...

The genomes of eleven Gram-positive bacteria that are important for human health and the food industry, nine low G+C lactic acid bacteria and two high G+C Gram-positive organisms, were analyzed for their complement of genes encoding transport proteins. Thirteen to 18% of their genes encode transport proteins, larger percentages than observed for most other bacteria. All of these bacteria posses...

The rapid spread of bacteria expressing multidrug resistance (MDR) has necessitated the discovery of new antibacterials and resistance-modifying agents. Since the initial discovery of bacterial efflux pumps in the 1980s, many have been characterized in community- and hospital-acquired Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia c...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. The difficulty in treatment of pseudomonas infections arises from being multidrug resistant (MDR) and exhibits resistance to most antimicrobial agents due to the expression of different mechanisms overcoming their effects. Of these resistance mechanisms, the active efflux ...

Antibiotic resistance has become a global health problem for humankind. Improper use of antibiotics resulted in the increasing evolved bacterial to them. There are different types mechanisms including efflux pumps. To overcome pump activity on drugs, combinatorial therapy existing antimicrobials with natural products is promising insight prevent multidrug resistance. In this study, inhibitory a...

Overexpression of drug extrusion pumps belonging to the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) super family of proteins is one of the most common mechanisms of multidrug resistance in various organisms. Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic yeast cells also become resistant to a variety of drugs by overexpressing genes encoding ABC drug efflux pumps. Recent evidences reveal that not only the well-characterize...

background and objectives: pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) is one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections and has an intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. among all the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) pumps of p. aeruginosa, mexab-oprm is the first efflux pump found to target multiple classes of antibiotics. this study was aimed to evaluate the expression level of genes expre...

Efflux-related multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant means by which bacteria can evade the effects of selected antimicrobial agents. Genome sequencing data suggest that Staphylococcus aureus may possess numerous chromosomally encoded MDR efflux pumps, most of which have not been characterized. Inhibition of these pumps, which may restore clinically relevant activity of antimicrobial agent...

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative pathogens, such as the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, poses a significant threat to our ability to effectively treat infections caused by these organisms. A major component in the development of the MDR phenotype in Gram-negative bacteria is overexpression of Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND)-type efflux pumps, which actively pump a...