Due to the abundance of the non-coking coal and limitations as well as the high costs of the natural gas, the present study examined the direct reduction of hematite (iron oxide) ore in the temperature range of 800-1000 °C by the non-coking coal volatiles. Approximately, 74.9% of the total amounts of volatiles and gases exit the coal up to 800°C. The onset temperature to exit volatiles from the...

Current methodologies used for the inference of thin film stress through curvature measurements are strictly restricted to stress and curvature states which are assumed to remain uniform over the entire film/substrate system. Recently Huang, Rosakis and co-workers [Huang, Y., Ngo, D., Rosakis, A.J., 2005. Non-uniform, axisymmetric misfit strain: in thin films bonded on plate substrates/substrat...

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the boundary layer separation point in a magnetohydrodynamics diffuser. As an innovation, the Re value on the separation point is determined for the non-Newtonian fluid flow under the influence of the non-uniform magnetic field due to an electrical solenoid, in an empirical case. The governing equations include continuity and momentum are solve...

Nonlinear behavior of a functionally graded cantilever beam is analyzed under non-uniform hygro-thermal effect. To solve this problem, finite element method is applied within plane solid continua. Total Lagrangian approach is utilized in the nonlinear kinematic relations. Newton-Raphson method with incremental displacement is used in nonlinear solution. Comparison study is performed. Effects of...

Swirling impinging jet (SIJ) is considered as an effective means to achieve uniform cooling at high heat transfer rates, and the complex flow structure its mechanism of enhancing have attracted much attention in recent years. The large eddy simulation (LES) technique employed analyze fields swirling non-swirling emanating from a hole with four spiral straight grooves, respectively, relatively R...

The study of boundary layer flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting visco-elastic second grade fluid in a porous medium past a stretching sheet is conducting with power law surface temperature or power law surface heat flux. The flow in boundary layer is considered to be generated solely by the linear stretching of the boundary sheet adjacent to porous medium in a magnetic field wi...

In this paper, the problem of unsteady mixed convection boundary layer flow of a viscous incompressible fluid near the stagnation-point on a vertical permeable plate with both cases of prescribed wall temperature and prescribed wall heat flux is investigated numerically. Here, both assisting and opposing buoyancy forces are considered and studied. The non-linear coupled partial differential equ...

We examine the effects of three basic but effective control strategies, namely uniform blowing, suction, and body-force damping, on intense Reynolds-stress events in turbulent boundary layer (TBL) developing suction side a NACA4412 airfoil. This flow is subjected to non-uniform adverse pressure gradient (APG), which substantially modifies its turbulence statistics with respect zero-pressure-gra...