Background Evidence suggests adolescent self-esteem is influenced by beliefs of how individuals in their reference group perceive them. However, few studies examine how gender- and violence-related social norms affect self-esteem among refugee populations. This paper explores relationships between gender inequitable and victim-blaming social norms, personal attitudes, and self-esteem among adol...

This paper is intended to analyse the concepts involved in the phenomena of social monitoring and norm-based social influence for systems of normative agents. These are here defined as deliberative agents, representing norms and deciding upon them. Normative agents can use the norms to evaluate others' behaviours and, possibly, convince them to comply with norms. Normative agents contribute to ...

The essential purpose of a program makes up only a small part of the overall task. All of the complications in the program come from addressing what can go wrong. Where the essential business processes remain stable, close examination shows complex defensive mechanisms which change as new threats to the business develop. Norms derive from modelling social behaviour but are not absolute expressi...

Human behavior is frequently guided by social and moral norms; in fact, no societies, no social groups could exist without norms. However, there are few cognitive science approaches to this central phenomenon of norms. While there has been some progress in developing formal representations of norm systems (e.g., deontological approaches), we do not yet know basic properties of human norms: how ...

In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, bey...

Past research has generated mixed support among social scientists for the utility of social norms in accounting for human behavior. We argue that norms do have a substantial impact on human action; however, the impact can only be properly recognized when researchers (a) separate 2 types of norms that at times act antagonistically in a situation—injunctive norms (what most others approve or disa...

We establish lower bounds for norms and CB-norms of elementary operators on B(H). Our main result concerns the operator Ta,bx = axb + bxa and we show ‖Ta,b‖ ≥ ‖a‖‖b‖, proving a conjecture of M. Mathieu. We also establish some other results and formulae for ‖Ta,b‖cb and ‖Ta,b‖ for special cases. Our results are related to a problem of M. Mathieu [13, 14] asking whether ‖Ta,b‖ ≥ c‖a‖‖b‖ holds in ...

this researc h c enters on a c omparative study of various norms breakings among high-sc hool students in khwaf town and birjand c ity public sc hools. sample population is drawn from the high sc hool (3rd year level) students studying in 2005 2006 educ ational year. ac c ording to the population size of the c ities, the sample populations were dec ided at 250 and 300, based on the simple rando...

the current regulated particle metric in vehicle emissions is the total mass, while during last decade interest in number size distribution has increased. various international studies on epidemiology and toxicology have reported the adverse effect of the particle matter on public health. the unece group of experts on pollution and energy (grpe) under particle measurement program (pmp) are unde...

Background Priority setting in publicly financed healthcare systems should be guided by ethical norms and other considerations viewed as socially valuable, and we find several different approaches for how such norms and considerations guide priorities in healthcare decision-making. Common to many of these approaches is that interventions are ranked in relation to each other, following the appli...