The electrostatic interaction among a neutral and finite set of point charges is based on the sum their pairwise charge products, zizj, yet many analyses yield terms which simply contain squares separate charges, corresponding to ionic strength, ½∑mizi2. This submission collects together number important instances this result explains equivalence. In effect, strength-like provide conveniently c...

The existence of minimal degrees is investigated for several polynomial reducibilities. It is shown that no set has minimal degree with respect to polynomial many-one or Turing reducibility. This extends a result. of Ladner [L] whew reciirsive sets are considered. An "honest '' polynomial reducibility, < ; , is defined which is a strengthening of polynomial Turing reduc-ibility. We prove that n...

The Brønsted acidic ionic liquid ([BMIm]HSO4) catalyzed three-component synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives at room temperature. The integrity of the ionic liquid remains reasonably unchanged when it is separated from the reaction mixture by water extraction, as it can be recycled several times without any loss of activity in each of the title syntheses. The products a...

Abstract This chapter argues that the COVID-19 vaccine has become an important diplomatic tool to expand China’s influence and set up a positive Chinese image in Middle East. The study reports three trends diplomacy. It states diplomacy toward East still faces challenges. On one hand, effectiveness of is not widely recognized. Some European American experts doubt effect made by Sinovac Sinophar...