according to the standard of reasonable and ordinary person, negligence consists in doing something which a reasonable and ordinary person would not have done in that situation or omitting something which a reasonable and ordinary person would have done in that situation. in this article, descriptive and normative content of reasonable and ordinary person has been studied; it's ambiguities...

An iterative geostatistical inverse approach is developed to estimate conditional effective unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters, soil-water pressure head, and degree of saturation in heterogeneous vadose zones. This approach is similar to the classical cokriging technique, and it uses a linear estimator that depends on covariances and cross covariances of unsaturated hydraulic paramet...

Distributed hydrological model can be divided into two parts, as runoff and the convergence. Runoff calculation is the basis of distributed hydrological model, its results will determine the accuracy of the simulation results directly. Rainfall is an important input of runoff calculation, thus its accuracy has special significance to runoff calculation. For most small watershed, now mainly rely...

This study presents a method to estimate land surface temperature (LST) by calibrating spatial interpolation using satellite-derived surface emissivity. Four spatial interpolation methods including Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Spline, Kriging, and Cokriging were tested to interpolate LST in southern New England using ground temperatures measured at national weather stations (NWS) in summer...

During recent years, oak decline has been widely spread across Brant’s oak (Quercus Brantii Lindl.) stands in the Zagros Mountains, Western Iran, which caused large-area forest dieback in several sites. Mapping the intensity and spatial distribution of forest dieback is essential for developing management and control strategies. This study evaluated a range of geostatistical and interpolation m...