abstract background: the most important part in experiencing and recognizing the threshold of pain is the perception of pain. reflexology is a kind of complementary therapy which is rooted in the beliefs of the community. this study was aimed to determine the effect of reflexology on pain perception aspects in patients with chronic low back pain. materials and methods: this single-blind clinica...

Abstract Background Pain is described as the fifth vital sign, and inadequate pain management is linked to numerous immediate and long-term negative outcomes. Venipuncture is one of the most painful medical procedures in children. Distraction is one of the main effective ways to relieve pain. Reducing patients’ pain sensation maybe feeling is important for all nurses for many reasons. Unneces...

conclusions the results showed that endurance training reduced pain by increasing apelin in morphine-dependent rats. therefore, it is suggested that this type of training be considered for the morphine-dependent patients for pain relief. objectives therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate apelin and pain threshold changes in healthy and morphine-dependent rats in response to two exercis...

background and purpose: pain perception with arteriovenous fistula (avf) cannulation is a major concern among patients undergoing hemodialysis. this study aimed to compare the efficacy of cryotherapy and placebo in the reduction of avf puncture-related pain in hemodialysis patients. methods: this randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients undergoing hemodialysis selected via random ...

the toll like (family of receptors tlr) are expressed primarily by immune cells and are known to be part of innate immune system. in the past decade involvement of tlrs in several physiologic and pathologic pathways has been proved. pain transmission via glial activation is one of such interesting fields. both pathological pain states and treatment have also been shown to be related to tlr-rela...