ALTHOUGH it has never been claimed that the phenothiazines have an analgesic action comparable to that of the opiates, it is frequently inferred that they have some effect on pain. They are widely used to potentiate analgesic drugs in the management of intractable pain and have enjoyed great popularity in the treatment of the terminal stages of malignant disease. Apart from their anti-emetic ef...

The mechanism of Ca2+ transport by rat liver mitochondria was investigated with respect to the possible involvement of calmodulin in this process. We studied the action of exogenous calmodulin isolated from brain tissue on the Ca2+-transport system, as well as the effect of two types of calmodulin antagonists; the phenothiazine drugs trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine and the more specific subs...

A CE instrument coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was designed for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PTH) and promazine hydrochloride (PMH) in real samples. An important enhancement of the CL emission of luminol with potassium ferricyanide was observed in the presence of these phenothiazines; so this system was selected for their detection after CE separation. Paramet...

Phenothiazines have been reported for anti-mycobacterial activity by inhibiting calcium binding proteins, potassium transport processes of phagolysosomes, NADH dependent oxygen consumption by M. tuberculosis membranes and DNA, and lipid synthesis of the bacterium. Thioridazine (TZ), chloropromazine (CPZ) and trifluoperazine (TFP) belong to the class of phenothiazines widely used as neuroleptic ...

Multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells poses a serious obstacle to successful chemotherapy. The overexpression of multispecific ATP-binding cassette transporters appears to be the main mechanism of MDR. A search for MDR-reversing agents able to sensitize resistant cells to chemotherapy is ongoing in the hope of their possible clinical use. Studies of MDR modulators, although they have not p...

A series of three novel donor-acceptor systems based on C(3)-malononitrile-substituted phenothiazines was synthesised in good overall yields and their thermal, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties were characterised. The compounds were prepared through a sequence of Ullmann-coupling, Vilsmeier-Haack formylation and Knoevenagel-condensation, followed by Suzuki-coupling reactions for int...

by Philip S. Holzman Investigations into the biology of schizophrenia and of the affective disorders have yielded valuable information about psychotic conditions. Two events have sparked this progress. The first was the introduction of the phenothiazines and the mood-altering drugs in the early 1950s, an event that produced testable biological theories about the drugs' action. The second was th...

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) and three other phenothiazines and the structurally related antidepressant drugs imipramine and amitriptyline were found to depress human neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness. A 7 X 10(-6)M solution of CPZ inhibited chemotaxis, whereas concentrations of the other tested drugs 10 to 1,000 times greater than this were needed to inhibit chemotaxis. This effect of CPZ could no...