To compare the effect of various pipe materials on biofilm formation, surface water was used as the test water source; plastic-based pipe materials (polyvinyl chloride-PVC, unplasticised polyvinyl chloride-UPVC, medium density polyethylene-MDPE) and cement-based pipe materials (cement and asbestos cement) are commonly used in drinking water distribution systems in South Africa as test pipe mate...

This paper investigates the effects of nonlinear large deflection bending on the aerodynamic performance and aeroelasticity of a high aspect ratio flexible wing. A nonlinear large deflection theory is developed for aeroelasticity to account for large deflection bending. An analysis is conducted to compare the nonlinear bending theory with the linear bending theory. The results show that the non...

Optical packet-switched (OPS) network is a strong candidate for the future Optical Internet. In this paper, we study packet aggregation and deflection routing as employed in OPS networks on the performance of upper layer Internet protocols represented by TCP and UDP. Regarding packet aggregation schemes, we study no aggregation, mixed-flow aggregation, and per-flow aggregation. Our results show...

Introduction: It is believed that Locus Coeruleus (LC) influences the sensory information processing. However, its role in cortical surround inhibitory mechanism is not understood. In this experiment, using controlled mechanical displacement of whiskers we investigated the effect of phasic electrical stimulation of LC on response of layer V barrel cortical neurons in anesthetized rat. Methods: ...

We present and evaluate a wavelength assignment and deflection routing scheme for contention resolution in burst switched photonic networks in this work. By combing deflection routing and Priority-based Wavelength Assignment (PWA) together and making them compatible with each other, we show the improved performance of deflection routing-compatible PWA through simulation results.

In the present study, non-Newtonian flow in annular pipe is considered. The analytical solution for velocity and temperature fields is presented while entropy generation due to fluid friction and heat transfer is formulated. The third grade fluid with constant properties is accommodated in the analysis. It is found that reducing non-Newtonian parameter increases maximum velocity magnitude and m...

This chapter deals with the optimal design of the most expensive part of a pressurised irrigation system, i.e., its pipe network. The problem of calculating the optimal pipe size diameters of an irrigation network has attracted the attention of many researchers and designers. During the process of designing an irrigation pipe network, the hydraulic engineer will face the problem of determining ...

1.1. Flows driven by a constant pressure gradient through a pipe of circular cross section When the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a pipe of circular cross section is driven solely by a constant pressure gradient, the resulting velocity distribution is a quadratic function of the radial distance from the axis of the pipe. The velocity profile of such a flow has, therefore, a parabolic distributio...

Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs exhibit complexities in their structural behavior under load due to the composite nature of the material and the multitude and variety of factors that affect such behavior. Current methods for determining the load-deflection behavior of reinforced concrete slabs are limited in scope and are mostly dependable on the results of experimental tests. In this study, an ...

IN DIRECT LEADS obtained through a small electrode attached to the epicardium, there is a nearly perpendicular return of the R wave from its peak to the base line. This intrinsic deflection marks the extinction of the electric potential of the small core of ventricle to which the electrode is applied. In precordial leads, where a relatively large electrode is at a considerable distance from the...