place is a part of geographical space and a base for establishment of social relations. each place is unique according to its specific properties, functions and history. meanwhile, some places find symbol identity due to their especial historical events and properties and this identity would be maintained in the minds and moved to the other generations. for example azadi tower in tehran and sav...

Background. Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PF OA) is a leading cause of significant pain and disability of the knee joint. Stair climbing dysfunction is commonly reported in this cohort. Objectives. To compare the temporal muscle activation between females with PF OA and healthy controls during stair ascent and decide whether there is a link between altered core activity and Patellofemoral oste...

A novel automatic escalator was designed, constructed and used in the present investigation. The aim of the present investigation was to compare the effect of two repeated sessions of stair descending versus stair ascending exercise on muscle performance and health-related parameters in young healthy men. Twenty males participated and were randomly divided into two equal-sized groups: a stair d...

Background The importance of evaluating policy processes to achieve health equity is well recognised but such evaluation encounters methodological, theoretical and political challenges. This paper describes how a program theorybased evaluation framework can be developed and tested, using the example of an evaluation of the South Australian Health in All Policies (HiAP) initiative.   Methods A f...

<b><i>Hintergrund:</i></b> Aktuelle Leitlinien empfehlen phasenbasierte Behandlungsansätze wie das Skills-Training zur Affektiven und Interpersonellen Regulation mit Narrativer Therapie (STAIR/NT) Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung nach komplexer Traumatisierung. Bislang ist jedoch keine systematische Übersicht Wirksamkeit ersten Therapiephase STAIR von S...

having a deep underestanding of despotism, ayatollah taleghani developed a shura-based system to secure the rights and the political participation of people. shura, including rural councils, provincial councils, and the islamic consultative assembly, is religiously based on traditions and quranic verses which allow the people to proceed towards high humanitarian and social goals. to compare shu...

OBJECTIVE Stair-riser banners are twice as effective as posters in encouraging stair climbing in shopping centres. This study tested the effectiveness of stair-riser banners in an English train station in 2006-2007. METHOD The train station had a 39-step staircase and an adjacent escalator. Baseline observations (3.5 weeks) were followed by 10.5 weeks of a banner intervention supplemented wit...

OBJECTIVE To examine using surface electromyography whether stair climbing with abdominal hollowing (AH) is better at facilitating local trunk muscle activity than stair climbing without AH. METHODS Twenty healthy men with no history of low back pain participated in the study. Surface electrodes were attached to the multifidus (MF), lumbar erector spinae, thoracic erector spinae, transverse a...

urban management in any context has a different economic, social and political structure, which is in harmony with the existing models of organization. in spite of these differences, in order to reach a sustainable urban development, several different conferences should be referred to. in the “brundtland commission 1987” about urban sustainable development these definitions have been given: “pr...