Let p be a prime number. Fermat's little theorem [1] states that a^(p-1) mod p=1 (a hat (^) denotes exponentiation) for all integers a between 1 and p-1. A primitive root [1] of p is a number r such that any integer a between 1 and p-1 can be expressed by a=r^k mod p, with k a nonnegative integer smaller that p-1. If p is an odd prime number then r is a primitive root of p if and only if r^((p-...

A method is proposed to enhance boundary primitives of multi-part objects of unknown specific shape and appearance in natural images. Its input is a strictly over-segmented constant-curvature contour primitive (CCP) map. Each circular arc or straight-line segment primitive from the map has an unknown origin which may be the closed boundary of a multi-part object, the textured or marked region e...

The immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (VH) locus in a phylogenetically primitive teleost (Elops saurus) has been characterized by a strategy that relied initially on cross-hybridization between genomic VH segments and a murine VH probe. Using a homologous (Elops) VH probe and DNA sequencing, this gene family has been shown to be complex and to contain overt pseudogenes. A homologous pr...