The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of injury and musculo-skeletal complaints in Swiss football referees of all levels. A representative sample of 489 Swiss referees was interviewed regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, refereeing qualifications, time spent in training and in matches, history of injuries and musculo-skeletal complaints cau...

The influence of competition level on referees’ decision making was investigated. Referees’ decisions in 90 handball games (30 games X 3 competition levels) were observed in different situations related to the advantage rule, and 100 referees from two different level of expertise were subsequently asked to offer explanations for the competition-level effects from the first part of the study. Re...

case law and doctrine are, no¬ doubt, of immune importance and impact in developing law in every country, especially where they complete each other. yet, in iran they are often not used as a complement to each other particularly in the field of copyright. this paper seeks to connect these two. to this end, it will review judgments given by the ahwaz ordinary public court and the appeal court of...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore which structures academic articles referees would pay more attention to, what specific content focus on, and whether the distribution PRC related citations. Design/methodology/approach Firstly, utilizing feature words section title hierarchical network model (HAN) identify article structures. Secondly, analyzing in different according position inf...

The purpose of this study was to generate movement category velocity thresholds for elite Gaelic football (GF) and hurling referees using a two-stage unsupervised clustering technique. Activity data from 41 GF 38 collected global positioning system technology during 338 221 competitive games, respectively. elbow method used in stage one identify the number categories datasets. In two, respectiv...

Charity and Favoritism in the Field: Are Female Economists Nicer (To Each Other)? Using a very large sample of matched author-referee pairs, we examine how the gender of referees and authors affects the former’s recommendations. Relying on changing matches of authors and referees, we find no evidence of gender differences among referees in charitableness toward authors; nor do we find any effec...

The evolution of referees' physical fitness has been studied over one or several seasons, however, the variation of the physical performance between the end of the competitive season (T1) and the start of the following pre-season (T2) has not been ascertained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the transition period on physical performance variables (i.e. linear stra...