Agrobacterium rhizogenes infects plants to induce hairy roots. It is classified into four different types such as agropine, mannopine, cucumopine and mikimopine. A.rhizogenes K599, also known as NCPPB2659, is a representative strain of the cucumopine type. In this review, we discussed the functions of 11 genes on the T-DNA of Ri plasmid pRi2659 in K599. We summarized the infectivity of K599 on ...

motion when the object is moving invisibly behind an occluder along an inferred trajectory (Assad and Hoppe-Seyler-Str 3 D-72076 Tü bingen Maunsell, 1995). Moreover, many neurons in area MST, usually referred to as visual tracking (VT) neurons (Sa-Germany kata et al., 1983), will discharge during steady-state SPEM, even in the absence of any retinal image slip, for example, if the pursued targe...

Cloned nitrogen fixation (nifl) genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae hybridize to DNA from 19 out of 19 widely divergent nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains but do not hybridize to DNA from 10 different non-nitrogen-fixing species. K pneumoniae nifDNA fragments that hybridize to DNA from other species contain part of the three structural genes that code for nitrogenase polypeptides. We have utilized ...

Cloned nitrogen fixation (nifl) genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae hybridize to DNA from 19 out of 19 widely divergent nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains but do not hybridize to DNA from 10 different non-nitrogen-fixing species. K pneumoniae nifDNA fragments that hybridize to DNA from other species contain part of the three structural genes that code for nitrogenase polypeptides. We have utilized ...

Plant species richness and diversity is extremely high in Africa. TheLeguminosae are a dominant family with diverse biological traits that makethem candidate species for improving livelihoods in rural households. Bybeing able to fi x N2with symbiotic members of the Rhizobiaceae, legumesand their associated bacteria can serve as biofertilizers for increased cropyi...

A common theme emerging from microbial genome studies is that the genes required for pathogenic or symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic hosts are often part of the accessory gene pool of the microbe, acquired by horizontal transfer (5). They may be clustered on plasmids or on the chromosome as genomic islands. Within a particular environment, such islands provide a selective advantage to orga...

The availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) affects crop productivity. Unfortunately, the intensive use synthetic N fertilizers has detrimental economic and environmental consequences.Engineered associative diazotrophs hold immense potential to help many crops acquire from air via biological fixation.The mechanistic understanding plant–diazotroph interactions forms basis engineering thes...

Lateral gene transfer (LGT) refers to the transmission of genetic material without sexual reproduction. LGT is widespread in a number plant species, including grasses. But how these genes foreign origin got there presently unknown. In this review, we show that transformation techniques used genetically modify organisms could occur wild and be responsible for frequently observed grass-to-grass L...