The aim of this paper is to examine the concept Islamic modernism in nineteenth-century Egypt as expressed Tafsir al-Manar, placing particular emphasis on Muhammad ‘Abduh (1849-1905). major focus human reason (‘aql) perceived by and reflected al-Manar. Towards end nineteenth century, Quranic exegesis gained new momentum with emergence modernism. In Egypt, used tafsir a vehicle disseminate his r...

The search for causes of the rising temperatures in some geographic areas during the twentieth century has directed interest toward the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (GOa). If the carbon dioxide added by the combustion of fossil fuels remains as a net increase, any temperature-changing effects of its presence as a minor constituent of the atmosphere should be cumulatively operative as th...

Jules Janssen is a well known astronomer. In 1868 he introduced the spectroscopic technique to observe solar prominences. He also invented innovative methods in imagery and photography. This paper focuses on period from foundation of Meudon Observatory, associated with birth astrophysics physics France, Mont Blanc saga, creation observatory three scientific ascents by top mountain. As most docu...

The article discusses Kazimierz Lux’s travel entitled description of the island San-Domingo, which was published „Biblioteka Warszawska” in 1854 (v. 4, p. 197–223). It is a paraliterary notation stay „Polish pirate” Antilles, where, as soldier French 114 th brigade formed by Napoleon, he suppressed slave uprising. text fairly detailed study San-Domingo’s climatic, geographical and living condit...

During the latter half of nineteenth century, countries Central America incorporated European musicians into their state-generated projects. Administrations from Guatemala to Costa Rica appointed composers Italy, Germany, Belgium, and Spain help stimulate national musical culture education, giving them leadership roles in state institutions. Belgian composer conductor Alejandro Cousin arrived l...

Javier Fernández Sebastián's latest book is truly a tour de force. While it offers lucid appraisal of conceptual history, with focus on the ‘conceptual revolution’ that Iberian Atlantic underwent during first half nineteenth century, also serious statement profession – indeed, ‘no discipline’, as he tells us, can sustain itself ‘if not based theoretical reflection about its own status disciplin...

An im'estigat ion of t he X-ray diffract io n cha racterist ics a nd of t he dimensional c ha nges of sil ve rt in-(copper-z in c) ama lgams during a nd af te r t he ir ha rdenin g period indi cated t hat lIn com bined m ercury was prese n t in t he ama lgams af te r t he ini t ia l solidifi ca t ion a nd t hat t his un co mb in ed mer cury disappeared d ur in g t he period wh en greatest dime ...